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UMVEKFJTV  of  r AT  TPHT^vr, 
LIBRARY 


WHAT  EVERY  BUSINESS  MAN  SHOULD  KNOW 


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('Ultl!    TKADIS(t    ON    ]>UOAl)    StUKKT,    NeW    YoUK 

Tlif  Stock  Exclianf^e  is  shown  on  the  left.     In  the  background,  a  statue 
of  Washington  stands  in  front  of  I  he  Sub-Treasury 


^^         WHAT 
EVERY  BUSINESS  MAN 
SHOULD  KNOW 

A  COMPLETE  GUIDE 

TO  BUSINESS  USAGES  AND  REQUIREMENTS 

WITH  EXPLANATIONS  OF  BUSINESS  TERMS 

AND  COMMERCIAL  FORMS 

BY 
L.  C.  KEARNEY 

ILLUSTRATED  WITH  DIAGRAMS  AND  PHOTOGRAPHS 


NEW  YORK 

FREDERICK  A.  STOKES  COMPANY 

PUBLISHERS 


Copyright,  1016,  by 
Frederick  A.  Stokes  Company 


All  rights  reserved 


w  2^  \  v/ 


PUBLISHERS'  NOTE 

This  book  is  the  same  in  every  respect 
as  What  Every  Business  Woman  Should 
Know,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  subjects 
which  pertain  exclusively  to  men. 


7/  a  man  can  write  a  better  hook,  pi-each  a  better 
sermon,  or  make  a  hetter  mousetrap  than  his  neighbor, 
though  he  build  his  house  in  the  woods,  the  world 
will  make  a  beaten  path  to  his  door. 


PREFACE 

It  was  contemplated,  in  the  preparation  of  this  Desk 
Book,  to  assemble  in  one  volume  the  usually  disintegrated 
information  to  which  the  hurried  business  man  frequently 
has  occasion  to  refer. 

The  best  contemporary  authorities  were  consulted,  in 
an  effort  to  present  as  reliable  data  as  could  be  obtained 
on  the  subject  under  consideration.  Mr.  Montgomery 
Rollins,  well-known  economist,  kindly  permitted  excerpts 
from  his  works  on  finance.  The  Yawman  &  Erbe  Mfg. 
Co.,  Harper  &  Bros.,  the  New  York  Telephone  Co.,  Pos- 
tal Telegraph  &  Cable  Company,  The  Western  Union 
Telegraph  Company,  Adams  Express  Company,  Mr. 
A.  T.  Atwood,  of  McClure's  Magazine,  and  the  publishers 
of  TJie  World  Almanac  either  graciously  contributed  or 
approved  the  subject  matter  accredited  to  them.  Funk 
&  Wagnalls'  New  Standard  Dictionary  has  been  a  help- 
ful guide  in  forming  certain  definitions.  To  Mr.  W.  F. 
Allen,  of  the  American  Railway  Association,  who  in  1883 
successfully  solved  the  problem  of  a  standardized  time 
for  the  railroads  in  the  United  States,  is  due  grateful 
acknowledgment  for  having  supplied  the  data  to  bring 
this  subject  to  date. 

How  shall  I  properly  write  a  check? 

What  sized  type  shall  appear  on  my  letterhead? 

Shall  I  send  by  parcel  post  or  express? 

vn 


viii  PREFACE 

What  is  a  fiscal  year  ?    An  ad  interim  certificate  ? 
How  shall  I  formulate  an  agreement?    An  as- 
signment ? 
What  is  a  caveat? 

How  shall  I  address  the  President?    A  bishop? 
Wliat  synonym  may  I  use  to  avoid  repetition? 
How  shall  I  prepare  a  set  of  By-laws? 
These  are  but  a  few  of  the  questions,  the  answers  to 
which  appear  in  this  book. 

L.  C.  K. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Financial  Terms: 

Active  Account , 51 

Amortization    19 

Arbitage 19 

Assignment  of  Stock 21 

Bank  Accounj;   45 

Bankruptcy    21 

Bill  of  Exchange 25 

Bimetallism    27 

Bolivia    54 

Bonanza    27 

Bonds  and  Stock 27 

Bonus    29 

Bourse •  • 29 

Bradstreet    29 

Bucketshop 29 

Building  and  Loan  Association 30 

Bulls  and  Bears 31 

Canadian  Dollar   54 

Capital      39 

Capitalization    39 

Certificate  of  Deposit 43 

Certificate  of  Stock 29 

Certified  Check   51 

Checks    45 

Clearing  House   Association 53 

Coffee  Exchange 53 

Coins,  Foreign  Value  of 54 

Coins,  Domestic    199 

ix 


X  CONTENTS 


PAGE 


Financial  Terms  (Continued) 

Collateral    53 

Colon  (coin)    54 

Common  Stock   28 

Compound  Interest  , , 91 

Consolidated  Exchange    55 

Consols   56 

Corner   64 

Cotton  Exchange    65 

Coupon   65 

Coupon  Bond    28 

Crown  54 

Curb  Market 66 

Current  Assets    20 

Current  Liabilities 20 

Debenture 67 

Deposit  Slip  51 

Depositing  Checks    45 

Depreciation   71 

Discount 75 

Dividend   75 

Drachma   54 

Draft   75 

Draft  with  Stock  Attached 76 

Due  Bill 78 

Dun  78 

Endorsing  Checks 46 

Endorsing   Notes 135 

Endorsing  Money  Orders 127 

Exchange  on  Checks 51 

Exchange,  Foreign   79 

Exchanges : 

Bourse    29 

Consolidated   55 

Coffee  63 

Cotton    65 

Curb   66 


CONTENTS  xi 


PAGE 


Financial  Terms  {Continued) 

Maritime   126 

Produce   161 

Stock   200 

Face  79 

Fiduciary    79 

Finance  .••...« 86 

Fiscal  Year   86 

Flat    86 

Floating  Debt  86 

Fluctuation  86 

Foreign  Exchange 79 

Foreign  Value  of  Coins 54 

Franc 5-1 

Funded  Debt 87 

Futures 87 

Gilt-edged    87 

Gold  Brick 87 

Gold   Coins    199 

Gourde 54 

Government  Bonds 87 

Guaranty    88 

Hypothecate    88 

Income  on  Investments 94 

Industrials   89 

Insolvent    89 

Interest 90 

Interim  Certificate   93 

Investment    94 

Joint  Account  95 

Joint  Stock  Company 54 

Lamb   96 

Lawful  Money 96 

Legal   Investment   94 

Legal  Eate 68,  92,  98 

Legal  Tender 98 

Letter  of  Credit 99 


xli  CONTENTS 


TACZ 


Financial  Terms  (Continued) 

Liabilities    =  .,....   120 

Liquid  Assets    20 

Lira    54 

Listed   Securities    121 

Long  and  Short 123 

Margin    125 

Mark    54 

Maturity 126 

Merger    126 

Milreis  54 

Money  Orders   126 

Money  Transferred  by  Telegraph 128 

Monometallism   27 

Municipals   131 

Negotiable  Instruments 134 

Notes   134 

Obligation    137 

Overdraft   51 

Par 138 

Pass  Book 144 

Peso 54 

Petty  Cash  Book 145 

Point   145 

Postal  Money  Order 126 

Postal  Savings 158 

Pound   (Sterling)    54,  199 

Preferred  Stock   28 

Premium    160 

Present  Standard  of  Weight  and  Fineness 161 

Principal   ,  .   161 

Produce  Exchange 161 

Promissory   Note 68,  161 

Protest 166 

Public  Utilities   166 

Eailroad  Securities   189 

Rebate    »..,...... 189 


CONTENTS  xiii 


PAGE 


P'iNANCiAL  Terms  (Continued) 

Eeceiver 190 

Eegistered  Bond 28 

Eights 192 

Rupee    54 

Safe  Deposit  43 

Savings  Bank 194 

Scrip 194 

Securities    195 

Semi-Annual    195 

Sight  Draft  75 

Silver  Coins 199 

Simple    Interest    90 

Sinking  Fund  198 

Solvent   198 

Specie   198 

Spot  Cash    198 

Spot  Price 198 

Standard  of  Weight  and  Fineness 198 

Sterling  199 

Stock  Assignment  21 

Stocks  and  Bonds 28 

Stock  Exchange    200 

Stockholders   201 

Stockholders'   Liability 201 

Stop  Payment  Order 50,  201 

Sucre   54 

Syndicate    202 

Tael    54 

Ticker 237 

Time  Draft   75 

Trade  Discount 238 

Transfer  of  Stock 21 

Travelers'  Checks   238 

Trust  Company 239 

Underwrite    ,  .   240 

f^sury 68,  240 


xiv  CONTENTS 


PAGE 


Financial  Terms  (Continued) 

Value  of   Coins 54,  199 

Voucher 241 

Voucher  Check   50 

Wall  Street   241 

Watered  Stock  28 

Without  Eecourse 136 

Yen  54 

Insurance  Terms: 

Accident  or  Casualty  Insurance 16 

Annuity  19 

Bond  of  Indemnity 202 

Casualty  Insurance 16 

Fire  Insurance 86 

Hazard    88 

Indemnity  89 

Insurance   90 

Life  Insurance    120 

Lloyds    122 

Marine  Insurance   126 

Premium    160 

Proof  of  Loss 162 

Eider   ; 90 

Surety    202 

Underwrite   240 

Legal  Terms: 

Acknowledgment  16 

Ad  Litem  18 

Administrator 18 

Administratrix   18 

Affidavit 18 

Agreement    19 

Alias   19 

Alibi    19 

Assignment    , 20' 


CONTENTS  XV 


PAGE 


Legal  Terms  (Continued) 

Bankruptcy 21 

Business  Laws  31 

Caveat 43 

Certiorari   44 

Change  of  Venue 240 

Charter    44 

Civil  Code 53 

Codicil  247 

Contract  56 

Contract  Made  with  Lunatic  or  Minor 31 

Contract  Eate  68 

Covenant   66 

Creditor 66 

Days   of   Grace 67 

Debenture 67 

Debts   69 

Deed    69 

Demurrer   71 

Deponent    71 

Deposition    71 

Dower    191,  246 

Escrow 79 

Et  Al   79 

Et  Ux    79 

Executor    246 

Executrix   246 

Ex  Officio   79 

Fee  Simple  79 

Feme  Covert   79 

Feme  Sole   79 

Foreclosure    87 

Full   Covenant   Deed 69 

Grantee    70 

Grantor    70 

Guarantee 88 

Habeas  Corpus    88 


xvi  ,     CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Legal  Terms  (Continued) 

Hereditaments  88 

Ignorance  of  the  Law 89 

Income  Tax  226 

Indenture    89 

Indictment  89 

Injunction    89 

In  Ke  89 

Insolvent    89 

In  Statu  Quo 90 

Interest  Laws    •  • 68 

Intestate   < 94 

Judgment    68,  95 

Judgment  Debtor   95 

Laws: 

Bankruptcy    21 

Business    31 

By-Laws   32 

Customs    67 

Interest    90 

Naturalization    131 

Sherman   195 

Lease 96 

Legal  Day   98 

Legal    Investment    94 

Legal   Rate    92 

Letters   of    Administration 98 

Letters  Testamentary    99 

Lien   120 

Lieu  of  Dower 246 

Limitation,  Statutes  of 68 

Lis  Pendens 121 

Mandamus    125 

Married   Woman's  Acknowledgment 17 

Married  Woman,  Check  to  the  Order  of 48 

Naturalization    131 

Notary  Public  , 134 


CONTENTS  xvii 


PAGE 


l^EGAL  Terms  (Continued) 

Order  138 

Outlawed  Debts 69 

Penal  Code    53 

Personal  Property 145 

Power  of  Attorney 159 

Prima  Facie    161 

Principals  Eesponsible  for  the  Acts  of  Their  Agents.  ...     31 

Prior  Lien 161 

Proof  of  Loss 162 

Protest    166 

Proxy    166 

Eeceiver    190 

Release    191 

Eelease  of  Dower 191 

Satisfaction    194 

Sherman  Law 195 

Sic    197 

Sine  Die 197 

Sine   Qua   Non 197 

Statutes  of  Limitation 68 

Subpoena    201 

Sunday  Contracts  202 

Taxes  226 

Three  Days'  Grace 67 

To  Wit 238 

Trust  Deed   71 

Usury 68,  240 

Valid    240 

Venue   240 

Verification    241 

Waiver    241 

Warrant   242 

Warranty  Deed 70 

Wills    246 

Writ  of  Certiorari   44 


xviii  CONTENTS 

FAGI 

Printing  and  Publishing  Terms  : 

Compositor 55 

Copy   57 

Copyright    57 

Galley  Proof 164 

Infringement   89 

Printers'   Proof    164 

Proof   164 

Prospectus    165 

Eoyalties    ^ 193 

Serial  Eights    ^ 195 

Type    240 

Railroad  Terms: 

Additions   and    Betterments 18 

Bill  of  Lading 24 

Central  Standard  Time 72 

Common  Carrier 54 

Demurrage  71 

Depreciation    71 

Difference   in   Time 72 

Differential   75 

Eastern  Standard  Time 72 

Equipment  78 

F.    0.   B 79 

Maintenance    of   Equipment 125 

Maintenance  of  Ways  and  Structures 125 

Mileage    126 

Mountain  Standard  Time   72 

Pacific  Standard  Time 72 

Per  Diem  144 

Physical  Condition 145 

Rebate    189 

Rolling  Stock    192 

Standard    Time    72 

Tonnage   238 

Trackage 338 


CONTENTS  xix 

PAGE 

Real  Estate  Terms: 

Abstract  of  Title 16 

Appraise   19 

Assignmment  of  Mortgage 20 

Blanket  Mortgage  131 

Chattel  Mortgage   130 

Conveyance    57 

Deed    69 

Easement    78 

Equity   78 

Fee   Simple    79 

Foreclosure    87 

Indenture    89 

Lease    96 

Mortgage    129 

Party  .Wall   144 

Quit  Claim  Deed 71 

Second   Mortgage 131 

Site    198 

Warranty  Deed 70 

Steamship  Terms: 

Bill  of  Lading 24 

Charter    Party    44 

Dead  Freight  67 

Demurrage    71 

Knot  95 

Lease  of  Ship 44 

Log   122 

Manifest  122 

Marine  Insurance   126 

Maritime  Exchange    126 

Salvage 193 

Ship    Time    237 

Tonnage   238 


XX  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Miscellaneous  Teems: 

•  Abbreviations 1 

Acts  of  Providence  or  of  War 56 

Address    103 

Address,  Model  Forms  of 152 

Ad   Infinitum    18 

Agents  32 

Alphabetical   Filing    80 

Annuity    19 

Apostrophe  182 

Appraise  19 

Articles  of  Co-partnership 142 

Bill    23 

Bill  of  Sale 26 

Board  of  Directors 32 

Board  of  Trade 27 

Body  of  a  Letter Ill 

Bona   Fide    27 

Bond  of  Indemnity 202 

Business  Laws 31 

By-Laws 32 

Cablegrams    33 

Capital  Letters    39 

Care  of  Important  Papers 43 

Caret    187 

Carrier    54 

Chamber  of  Commerce 44 

Charter 44 

C.  L  F 3 

Citizen   131 

Code  and  Cipher  Cablegrams 33 

Code  and  Cipher  Telegrams 231 

Code,  Civil   53 

Code,  Penal  53 

Code,  Telegraphic  33 

Colon  (Punctuation)   169 

Comma  (Punctuation)    173 


CONTENTS  xxi 


PAGE 


Miscellaneous  Terms  (Continued) 

Commissary   54 

Company  54 

Complimentary  Close  of  a  Letter 112 

Consignee   55 

Consignor 55 

Contraband   56 

Co-partnership   142 

Corporation    65 

Creditor 66 

Customs  and  Duties  67 

Dash    184 

Date  102 

Day  Letters   232 

Dead  Letters   155 

Declaration  of  Intention  to  Become  a  Citizen 131 

Deferred  Half-Rate   Cablegram 34 

Depreciation    71 

Dress    76 

Duties   and    Customs 67 

Duties  of  Officers  of  a  Company 32 

Disfranchise  75 

Dissolution  of  Partnership 144 

Envelope    114 

Exclamation  Point  168 

Express  Money  Order 128 

Equity    78 

Filing   Systems 80 

Firm   86 

First-Class  Mail  146 

Fixed  Charges   86 

Fourth-Class  Mail  (Parcel  Post) 139 

F.  0.  B 79 

Franchise    87 

Futures    , 87 

General  Delivery   153 

Geographical  Filing  , 83 


Txii  CONTENTS 

?AGK 

Miscellaneous  Teems  {Continued) 

Goodwill  87 

Hyphen    185 

In  Statu  Quo 90,  199 

Interrogation  Point 1C8 

Interstate  Commerce  Commission 93 

Inventory   94 

Invoice    95 

I.  0.  U 95 

Ipse   Dixit    95 

Joint  Stock  Company 54 

Kilowatt  95 

Legend    98 

Letterheads   102 

Letter   of  Introduction 119 

Letter  of  Eecommendation 119 

Letter  Writing    101 

Limited   55,  142 

Mail   Time   and   Distances 156 

Mala  Fide   27 

Mark,   Signing  By 197 

Merger    126 

Naturalization    131 

Night  Letter  231 

Nil   134 

Numerical   Filing 81 

Officers,  Duties  of 32 

Option    137 

Order    138 

Paragraph    Ill,  188 

Parcel  Post  or  Fourth-Class  ^Matter 139 

Parenthesis    186 

Partnership    142 

Passport    , 144 

Period 167 

Perpetual   Succession    65 

Per  Se , 144 


CONTENTS  sxili 


PAGE 


Miscellaneous  Teems  {Continued) 

Personal  Property    , 145 

Plant    U5 

Postage   145 

Postscript    114 

Pound   (weight)    242 

President,  Duties  of  a 32 

Prima  Facie   161 

Principle   161 

Prior  Lien  161 

Produce   Exchange 161 

Promoter    162 

Prospectus    165 

Pro    Tem 165 

Proxy    166 

Punctuation  166 

Quorum    32 

Quotation   Marks    1T8 

Rebate    189 

Receipt   31,  189 

Release    191 

Roman  ISTumerals   193 

Sabotage    193 

Salutation    Ill 

Second-Class   Mail    147 

Secretary,  Duties  of  a 32 

Semi-Annual    195 

Semicolon    171 

Sic 197 

Signature    114 

Signature   in   Lead   Pencil 31 

Signature  Filed  with   Bank 51 

Signature  Under  Power  of  Attorney 160 

Signature   by  Mark 197 

Sine  Die 197 

Sine   Qua   Non 197 

Special  Delivery  Mail 154 


XXIV  CONTENTS 

PAGB 

Miscellaneous  Terms  (Continued) 

Speed  Eecords 198 

Stamps    153 

Standard  Time    72 

Sterling  Mark,  How  to  Make 41 

Status  Quo 90,  199 

Subject  Filing 83 

Subject   to    Sale .' 201 

Subsidiary  Company    201 

Subsidy    202 

Superscription    114 

Surety    202 

Synonyms    203 

Telegrams    227 

Telephone    234 

Third-Class   Mail 148 

Time   (Railroad)    72 

Time    (Mail)     156 

Time  (Ship)    237 

Trade    Discount    238 

Trademark   238 

Treasurer,  Duties  of  a 33 

Valid    240 

Verbatim    241 

Vice-President,  Duties  of  a 32 

Void    241 

Weights   and    Measures 242 

Wireless    233 

Women : 

Acknowledgment  17 

Citizens    133 

Check  to  Order  of 45 

Mail  Addressed  to 154 

Postal  Savings  Accounts  of 158 

Zones    (Parcel  Post) 139 


WHAT  EVERY  BUSINESS  MAN 
SHOULD  KNOW 


Abbreviations 

A. 

Acres 

A.  B.  or  B.  A. 

Bachelor  of  Arts 

Abp.  or  Archp. 

Archbishop 

A.C. 

(Ante  Christum)  Before  Christ 

Acct.  or  a/c 

Account 

A.D. 

(Anno  Domini)  Year  of  our  Lord 

Adj. 

Adjective 

Adjt. 

Adjutant 

Adji-Gen. 

Adjutant-General 

Ad.  lib. 

(Ad  libitum)  At  pleasure 

Adm. 

Administrator;  Admiral 

Admx. 

Administratrix 

Adv. 

Adverb;  Advent:  Advertisement 

A.G.F.A. 

Assistant  General  Freight  Agent 

Agt. 

Agent 

Ala. 

Alabama 

Aid. 

Alderman 

Alt. 

Altitude ;  alto 

A.M. 

(Ante  Meridiem)  Before  noon 

A.  M.  or  M.  A. 

Master  of  Arts 

Am.,  Amer. 

American 

Amt. 

Amount 

Anon. 

Anonymous 

Ans. 

or  A. 

Answer 

Apr. 

or  Apl. 

April 

Ariz. 

Arizona 

Ark. 

Arkansas 

Art. 

Article 

Assoc 

'.,  Assn. 

Association 

Asst. 

Assistant 

Atty. 

Attorney 

Atty.  Gen. 

Attorney  General 

Aug. 

August 

A.V. 

or  Auth.  Ven 

Authorized  Version 

Ave.  ( 

)r  Av. 

Avenue 

A-1 

First  class 

@ 

At 

b. 

born 

B.A. 

Bachelor  of  Arts ;  British  America 

Bal. 

Balance 

Bart. 

Baronet 

Bbl. 

Barrel 

B.C. 

Before  Christ;  British  Columbia 

B/C 

Bales  of  Cotton 

B/E 

Bill  of  Exchange 

Bet. 

Between 

B/L 

Bill  of  Lading 

B.L. 

Bachelor  of  Laws 

Bldg. 

Building 

Bor. 

Borough 

Bot. 

Bought 

Boul. 

Boulevard 

Bp. 

Bishop 

B/P 

Bills  Payable 

B/R 

Bills  Receivable 

Brig.- 
Bros. 

Gen. 

Brigadier-General 
Brothers 

B/S 

Bill  of  Sale 

Bu. 

Bushel 

B.V. 

(Beata  Virgo)  Blessed  Virgin 

C. 

(Centum)  Hundred 

C.A. 

Chartered  Accountant 

C.  a.  f . 

Cost  and  freight 

Cal.  or  Calif. 

California 

Can. 

Canada 

Capt. 

Captain 

Cash. 

Cashier 

Cat. 

Catalogue 

Cath. 

Catholic 

C.C. 

County  Court;  County  Clerk 

c.  c.  p. 

Court  of  Common  Pleas 

C.E. 

Civil  Engineer 

Cent.,  Ct. 

(Centum)  Hundred 

Cert.,  Ctf.,  Certif. 

Certificate 

Chap.,  Ch.  or  c. 

Chapter 

Chgd. 

Charged 

C.  i.  f. 

Cost,  insurance  and  freight 

C.  J.,  Ch.  J. 

Chief  Justice 

Ck. 

Check 

c/o 

Care  of 

Co. 

Company;  county 

C.O.D. 

Cash  or  Collect  on  Delivery 

Col. 

Colonel;  college 

Coll. 

Collector 

Colo,  or  Col. 

Colorado 

Com. 

Common;  Commodore;  Committee; 

Commission 

Com.  Arr. 

Committee  of  Arrangements 

Comr. 

Commissioner 

Com.  Ver. 

Common  Version 

Cong. 

Congress ;  congregation 

Conj. 

Conjunction 

Conn.,  Ct. 

Connecticut 

Consol.,  Cons. 

Consolidated 

Const. 

Constable ;  Constitution 

Contr. 

Contract;  contractor;  contraction 

Copr. 

Copyright 

Cor. 

Coroner ;  Corinthians ;  corner 

Corp. 

Corporation 

Cor.  Sec. 

Corresponding  Secretary 

C.P. 

Common  Pleas ;   Court  of  Probate ; 

Candle  Power 

C.  P.  A. 

Certified  Public  Accountant 

Cr. 

Credit;  creditor 

Cresc. 

(Crescendos — Music)  Louder 

C.S. 

Civil  Service 

C.  S.  A. 

Confederate  States  of  America 

Cts.,  f^ 

Cents 

Cu. 

Cubic 

C.  w.  0. 

Cash  with  order 

Cwt. 

Hundredweight 

d. 

Penny;  died 

D.  A.  R. 

Daughters  of  the  American  Revolu- 

tion 

D.C. 

District  of  Columbia 

D.  C.  L. 

Doctor  of  Civil  Law 

D/d 

Days'  date 

D.D. 

Doctor  of  Divinity 

D.  D.  S. 

Doctor  Dental  Surgery 

Dec. 

Deceased;  December 

Deft.,  Def.,  Dft. 

Defendant 

Deg. 

Degree 

Del. 

Delaware 

Dem. 

Democratic 

Dept. 

Department 

D.  F.  Defender  of  the  Faith 

Dft.  Draft;  defendant 

D.  H.  Dead  Head 

Diet.  Dictated;  dictator 

Dim.  (Diminuendo — Music)  Softer 

Dis.,  disc.  Discount 

Dist.  District 

Dist.  Atty.  District  Attorney 

Div.  Dividend;  division 

D.  Lit.  Doctor  of  Literature 

D.  L.  0.  Dead  Letter  Office 

Do.  Ditto — the  same 

Dol.  Dollar 

Doz.  Dozen 

D.  P.  Doctor  of  Philosophy 

Dr.  Debit ;  debtor ;  Doctor ;  drachm 

D/S  Days'  sight 

D.  T.  Delirium  tremens 

D.  V.  (Deo  volente)  God  willing 
dwt.  pennyweight 

E.  East 
Ea.  Each 

E.  C.  East   Center    (London   Postal  Dis- 
trict) 

Eccl.  Ecclesiastes 

Econ.  Economics 

Ed.  Editor ;  edition 

E.  E.  Errors  excepted ;  electrical  engineer 

e.  g.  (exempli  gratia)  For  example 

Elec.  Electric;  Electricity 

Enc.  Enclosure;  enclosed 

Eng.  England 

e.  r.  en  route  (on  the  way) 

Esq.  Esquire 


Est. 

Estimated;  Estate 

Estab. 

Established 

et  al. 

(et  alii)  And  others 

Etc. 

(et  cetera)   And  other  things;  &c 

And  so  forth 

Ex. 

Example;  exodus;  exception 

Exch. 

Exchange 

Ex.  Com. 

Executive  Committee 

Exec. 

Executor 

Exp. 

Expense;  express;  export 

Extrx. 

Executrix 

E.  &  0.  E. 

Errors  and  Omissions  Excepted 

F.,  Fahr. 

Fahrenheit  (thermometer) 

Feb. 

February- 

Fern. 

Feminine 

ff. 

(Fortissimo — Music)  Very  loud 

Fin.  Com. 

Finance  Committee 

Fin.  Sec. 

Financial  Secretary 

Fla. 

Florida 

F.  0.  B. 

Free  on  Board 

Fol. 

Folio  (ff-f olios) ;  following 

For'd 

Forward 

F.P. 

Fire  Plug 

Fri. 

Friday 

Frs. 

Francs 

Frt. 

Freight 

Ft. 

Feet;  12'  (12  feet) ;  Fort 

Fut. 

Futures 

Ga. 

Georgia 

G.A. 

General  Agent 

Gal. 

Gallon 

G.A.R 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic 

G.B. 

Great  Britain 

G.  C.  A. 

General  Claim  Agent 

Gen. 

General 

Gen.  Del. 

General  Delivery 

G.  F.  A. 

General  Freight  Agent 

Gov. 

Governor;  Government 

Gov.  Gen. 

Governor  General 

G.  P.  A. 

General  Passenger  Agent 

G.  P.  0. 

General  Post  Office 

Gr. 

Grain;  gross 

Hab.  Corp. 

(Habeas  Corpus)  Produce  the  body 

H.  B.  M. 

His  or  Her  Britannic  Majesty 

Hdkf. 

Handkerchief 

H.E. 

His  Excellency;  His  Eminence 

Heb. 

Hebrew 

Hf. 

Half 

Hhd. 

Hogshead 

H.I. 

Hawaiian  Islands 

H.  I.  H. 

His  or  Her  Imperial  Highness 

H.  I.  M. 

His  or  Her  Imperial  Majesty 

H.  M.  S. 

His  or  Her  Majesty's  Service  or 

Ship 

Hon. 

Honorable ;  honorary 

Hon.  Sec. 

Honorary  Secretary 

Hor. 

Horizon 

Hort. 

Horticulturist 

H.R 

Horse  Power 

H.R. 

House  of  Representatives 

la. 

Iowa 

lb.  or  ibid. 

(Ibidem)  In  the  same  place 

Id. 

(Idem)  The  same 

Ida. 

Idaho 

i.  e. 

(id  est)  that  is 

I.  H.  N. 

In  His  Name 

I.  H.  S. 

(lesus  Hominum  Salvator)   Jesus 

the  Savior  of  Men 

ni.,  or  Ills. 

Illinois 

Illus.,  Illust. 

Illustration 

In.  (") 

Inch,  12"  (12  inches) 

Inc. 

Incorporated;  increase 

Incl. 

Including;  inclusive 

Incog. 

Incognito  (Unknown) 

Ind. 

Indiana 

I.  N.  R.  I. 

(lesus  Nazarenus  Rex  Indaerum) 

Jesus  of  Nazareth,  King  of  the 

Jews 

Ins. 

Insurance;  inspector 

Inst. 

(Instant)  Present  month ;  institution 

Int. 

Interest 

Inv. 

Invoice 

Invt. 

Inventory 

I.  0.  0.  F. 

Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows 

I.  0.  U. 

I  Owe  You 

Itin. 

Itinerary 

It.,  Ital. 

Italics 

I.  W.  W. 

Industrial  Workers  of  the  World 

J. 

Justice;  J  J.  Justices 

Jan. 

January 

Jour. 

Journal 

J.  P. 

Justice  of  the  Peace 

Jr. 

Junior 

Kan.,  Kans. 

Kansas 

K.C. 

Knights  of  Columbus 

Kilo.,  Kilog. 

Kilogram 

Kilom. 

Kilometer 

K.W. 

Kilowatt 

Ky. 

Kentucky 

L.  or  £ 

(Libra)  Pound  in  English  money 

La.,  Lou. 

Louisiana 

Lat. 

Latitude 

Lb. 

Pound  (weight) 

L.C. 

Letter  of  Credit 

Ledg. 

Ledger 

leg. 

(Legato — Music)  Smoothly- 

L.L 

Long  Island 

Lib.,  Libr. 

Librarian;  liber  (book) 

Lieut. 

Lieutenant 

Lieut.  Col. 

Lieutenant  Colonel 

Lim.,  Ltd. 

Limited 

Litt.D. 

Doctor  of  Literature 

L.L.  A. 

A  woman  literate  in  arts 

LL.B. 

Bachelor  of  Laws 

LL.D. 

Doctor  of  Laws 

Long. 

Longitude 

L.S. 

(Locus  sigilli)  Place  of  the  seal 

£.  s.  d. 

Pounds,  shilling,  pence 

LXX 

(Sej^tuagint   Version)    Old    Greek 

Version 

M. 

Noon;  Monsieur;  thousand;  mile; 

minute 

Mach. 

Machinery- 

Maj. 

Major 

Mar.,  Meh. 

March 

Masc. 

Masculine 

Mass. 

Massachusetts 

M.C. 

Member  of  Congress 

Md. 

Maryland 

M'.D. 

Doctor  of  Medicine 

Mdlle.,  Mile. 

Madamoiselle 

Mdm. 

Madam 

Mdse. 

Merchandise 

Me. 

Maine 

M.E. 

Methodist  Episcopal;  Mining  En 

gineer  Mechanical  Engineer 

10 


Meas. 

Measure 

Memo., 

Mem. 

Memorandum 

Messrs. 

,  MM. 

Messieurs 

Mex. 

Mexico 

mf. 

(Mezzo  forte— Music)  Moderately- 
loud 

Mfg. 

Manufacturing 

Mfrs. 

Manufacturers 

Mgr. 

Manager;  Monsignor 

Mich. 

Michigan 

Min. 

Minute;  mining 

Minn. 

Minnesota 

MiscL, '. 

Misc. 

Miscellaneous 

Miss. 

Mississippi 

Mile.,  Mdlle. 

Mademoiselle 

Mme. 

Madame 

Mmes. 

Mesdames 

Mo. 

Missouri ;  month 

Mon. 

Monday;  Monsignor  (also  Monsig. 
—Mgr.) 

Mont. 

Montana 

M.P. 

Member  of  Parliament 

Mr. 

Mister 

Mrs. 

Mistress 

MS. 

Manuscript  (plural  MSS.) 

N. 

North 

N.A. 

North  America ;  National  Academy 

N.A.O 

.  W.  S. 

National  Association  Opposed  to 
Woman  Suffrage 

Natl.,  Nat. 

National 

Naut. 

Nautical 

N.B. 

(Nota  Bene)  Note  well;  New  Bruns- 
wick 

N.C. 

North  Carolina 

11 


N.  D.  or  N.  Dak. 

North  Dakota 

N.E. 

New  England ;  North  East 

Nebr.,  Neb. 

Nebraska 

Nev. 

Nevada 

N.F. 

Newfoundland 

N.G. 

No  good;  National  Guard 

N.H. 

New  Hampshire 

N.J. 

New  Jersey 

N.  M.,  N.  Mex. 

New  Mexico 

No. 

Number 

Nov. 

November 

N.P. 

Notary  Public 

N.  S. 

Nova  Scotia 

N.T. 

New  Testament 

N.  W.  S.  A. 

National  Woman  Suifrage  Associa- 

tion 

N.Y. 

New  York 

0. 

Ohio 

Obs. 

Obsolete 

Oct. 

October 

O.K. 

All  right 

Okla. 

Oklahoma 

Ont. 

Ontario 

Opp. 

Opposite 

Ore.,  Org.,  Or. 

Oregon 

Orig. 

Original 

oz. 

ounce 

P- 

piano;  page 

P.  A. 

Purchasing  Agent ;  Power  of  Attor- 

ney 

Par. 

Paragraph 

Part. 

Participle 

Pes. 

Pieces 

Pd. 

Paid 

12 


Penn.  or  Pa. 

Pennsylvania 

Per  an. 

Per  annum  (by  the  year) 

Per  cent,  or  per  ct. 

0T% 

Per  centum  (per  hundred) 

Pfd. 

Preferred 

Ph.  D. 

Doctor  of  Philosophy 

P.I. 

Philippine  Islands 

Pk. 

Peck 

PI. 

Plural 

Pltf. 

Plaintiff 

P.M. 

(Post  Meridiem)  After  noon;  Post- 

master 

P.  M.  G. 

Postmaster  General 

P.O. 

Post  Office 

Pop. 

Population 

pp. 

(Pianissimo — Music)    Very    softly; 

pages 

P.P. 

Per  Procuration 

P.  P.  C. 

(Pour  Prendre  Conge)  to  take  leave; 

Pullman  Parlor  Car 

Pr. 

Pair 

Prem. 

Premium 

Pres. 

President 

Pri.  Sec. 

Private  Secretary 

Prin. 

Principal 

Prof. 

Professor 

Prot. 

Protestant 

Pro  tern. 

(Pro  tempore)  For  the  time  being 

Prox. 

(Proximo)  Next  month 

P.S. 

(Post  scriptum)  Postscript;  Public 

Service ;  Public  School 

P.T. 

Paying  Teller 

Pt. 

Pint 

Pub. 

Publisher ;  public 

13 

Pwt.  Pennyweight 

Q.  Query ;  Question 

Q.  M.  Quartermaster 

Qt.  Quart 

Quar.  Quarterly 

R.  Rods 

^  (recipe — prescription)  Take 

R.  A.  Royal  Academy ;  Royal  Artillery ; 

Russian-American 

rail.  (Rallentando — Music)  More  slowly 

R.  C.  Roman  Catholic ;  Red  Cross 

Reed.  Received 

Rec.  Sec.  Recording  Secretary 

Rect.  Receipt 

Ref.  Reference 

Reg.  Registered ;  Register 

Regt.  Regiment 

Rep.  Representative;  Republican 

Rev.  Reverend 

R.  F.  D.  Rural  Free  Delivery 

R.  I.  Rhode  Island 

R.  I.  P.  (Requiescat  in  Pace)  May  he  rest  in 

peace 

R.  R.  Railroad 

R/R  Respectfully  Referred 

R.  S.  V.  P.  (Respondez  s'il  vous  plait)   Reply 

if  you  please 

Rt.  Hon.  Right  Honorable 

R.  T.,  Rec.  Tel.  Receiving  Teller 

Rt.  Rev.  Right  Reverend 

R-  V.  Revised  Version 

S.  Saint  (plural  SS.) ;  South ;  Shilling 

S.  A.  South  America 

Sat.  Saturday 


14 


s.c. 

South  Carolina 

S.  cap. 

Small  capitals 

S.  D.  or  S.  Dak. 

South  Dakota 

S/D 

Sight  Draft 

Sec. 

Secretary ;  Section ;  Second 

Sen. 

Senate ;  Senator 

Sept. 

September 

Serg. 

Sergeant 

Sgd. 

Signed 

Shs. 

Shares 

Sig. 

Signor 

S.J. 

Society  of  Jesus  (Jesuit  Order) 

s.o. 

Seller's  Option 

Soc. 

Society 

S.  0.  S. 

Wireless  Signal  of  Distress 

Sq. 

Square 

Sr. 

Senior;  Sister 

S.S. 

Steamship ;  Sunday  School 

ss. 

(scilicet)  It  is  permitted  to  know 

St. 

Street;  Saint 

Ster. 

Sterling 

Sun. 

Sunday 

Supt. 

Superintendent 

Surg. 

Surgeon 

T.A. 

Traffic  Agent ;  Travelling  Agent 

Tech. 

Technology ;  technically 

Tenn. 

Tennessee 

Tex. 

Texas 

Thurs. 

Thursday 

Tr. 

Transpose ;  Trustee 

Transf. 

Transferred 

Treas. 

Treasurer 

U. 

Utah 

15 


U.  D.  C. 

United  Daughters  of  the  Confed- 

eracy 

Ult. 

(Ultimo)  Last  month 

Univ. 

University 

Unm. 

Unmarried 

U.S. 

United  States 

U.  S.  A. 

United  States  Army ;  United  States 

of  America 

U.  S.  M. 

United  States  Mail 

U.  S.  N. 

United  States  Navy 

Ux. 

(Uxor)  Wife 

V.  or  vs. 

(Versus)  Against 

Va. 

Virginia 

Val. 

Value 

Var. 

Varas  (Texas,  Mex.,  N.  Mex.,  Ariz. 

and  Cal.  land  measure) 

V.O. 

Victoria  Cross;  Vice  Chancellor 

Vid. 

(Vide)  See 

Viz. 

(Videlicet)  To  wit,  namely 

Vol. 

Volume 

V.  P.,  Vice  Pres. 

Vice  President 

V.S. 

Veterinary  Surgeon 

Vt. 

Vermont 

W. 

West 

WasB. 

Washington 

W.  B.  A. 

Women  Bankers'  Association 

W.C. 

West  Center  (London  Postal  Dis- 

trict) 

W.  C.  T.  U. 

Women's  Christian  Temperance 

Union 

Wed. 

Wednesday 

w.f. 

wrong  font 

Wis. 

Wisconsin 

W.  P.  U. 

Women's  Political  Union 

16 

Wt.  Weight 

W.  Va.  West  Virginia 

Wyo.  Wyoming 

Xcp.  Ex-coupon 

Xd.  Ex-dividend 

Xi.  Ex-interest 

Xmas.  Christmas 

Yd.  Yard 

Yr.  Year 

Y.  W.  C.  A.  Young  Women's  Christian  Associa- 
tion 

Abstract  A  summary  of  the  instruments  that  go  to 

of  Title.  prove  the  title  to,  or  ownership  in,  a  prop- 

erty; e.g.,  deeds,  mortgages,  judgments, 
mechanics  liens,  etc.,  etc. 

Accident  or      Insurance  covering  personal  injury  or  acci- 

Casualty  dents  to  travelers. 

Insurance. 

Acknowledg-  A  formal  declaration  or  admission  before  a 
ment.  Notary  Public,  or  other  officer  duly  author- 

ized by  the  state,  that  a  person  has  of  his  or 
her  own  free  will  executed  a  deed  or  other  instrument. 
The  forms  vary  for  the  different  states. 

New  York  Fokm. 

STATE  OF ) 

I  ss. : 

COUNTY  OF ) 

On  this day  of 

in  the  year  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and before  vie  personally 


17 

came  and   appeared 

to  me  known  and  known  to  me  to  be 

the  person  described  in  and  who  executed  the  foregoing  instrument  and 
acknowledged  to  me  that  . .  .he  executed  the  same. 


Notary  Public. 


County. 

In  some  states,  when  a  married  woman  joins  in  a  deed 
with  her  husband,  it  is  usual  to  take  her  acknowledgment 
separate  and  apart  from  her  husband  with  her  statement 
that  she  is  not  being  coerced  by  him  but  is  signing  of  her 
own  free  will,  viz : 

STATE  OF \ 

I  ss.: 
COUNTY  OF J 

Be  it  remembered  that  on  this dap  of , 

in  the  year before  me 

a  Notary  Public  of  the  State  of personally  appeared 

who  I  am  satisfied,  are  the in  the  xcithin 

;  and  I  having  first  made  known  to  them  the 

contents  thereof  they  did  acknowledge  that  they  signed,  sealed  andS 
delivered  the  same  as  their  voluntary  act  and  deed,  for  the  uses  and 

purposes  therein  expi-essed.    And  the  said 

being  by  me  privately  examined,  separate  and  apart  from  her  said  hus- 
band, did  further  acknowledge  that  she  signed,  scaled  and  delivered  the 
same  as  her  voluntary  act  wnd  deed,  FREELY,  without  any  fear,  threats, 
or  compulsion  of  her  said  husband. 


{Notary  Public) 


While  the  lack  of  an  acknowledgment  does  not  invalidate 
a  deed,  it  is  necessary  when  the  deed  is  to  be  recorded 
See  Deeds. 


18 

Additions         A  railroad  terni  meaning  the  improvements 
and  that  enhance  the  value  of  the  railroad  prop- 

Betterments,   erty. 

Ad  Infinitum.  And  so  on  indefinitely. 

Ad  Litem.        For  the  purpose  of  the  suit. 

Administra-     A  person  appointed  by  the  court  to  distrib- 
tor.  ute  the  property   of   a   decedent  who  left 

no  will.  The  next  of  kin  is  usually  selected. 
(Feminine,  Administratrix.)  See  Letters  of  Administra- 
tion and  Wills. 

Affidavit.         A  declaration  in  writing  affirmed  and  sworn 
to  before  an  official  duly  authorized  to  ad- 
minister oaths. 

Form  of  Affidavit. 


STATE  OF... 
COUNTY  OF. 


ss.: 


.heinff   duly   srcorn   says 


that 


Sworn  to  before  me  this 

(lay  of 10 

(Sod) 


Notary  Public  No. 

County. 


19 


Agreement.      A  contract  or  covenant  among  two  or  more 
parties. 

GENEBAIi   FOBM    OF   AGREEMENT. 

XTbtS  HQteement,  made  the day  of 

one  tliousand  nine  hundred  and between 

of  the  city  of 

in  the  county  of and  state  of 

of  the  first  part  and 

of in  ao/id  county  and  state,  of  the  second  part, 

Timitnessetb,  that  the  said 

in  consideration  of  the  coverMnts  on  the  part  of  the  party  of  the  second 

part,  doth  covenant  and  a^ree  to  and  with  the  said 

that  (eic). 

IFn  TRIlttnCSS  "Odbcreof,  u-e  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  and  seals, 
the  day  and  year  first  above  xcrittcn. 

SealeD  anD  DeltvercD  in  tbc  presence  of 
(2  witnesses) 

(L.  S.) 


(L.  S.) 


Alias. 
AUbi. 

Amortiza- 
tion. 

Annuity. 

Appraise. 

Arbitage. 


An  assumed  name. 


Claim  of  the  accused  that  he  was  in  another 
place  when  the  offense  or  act  was  committed. 

(Finance)  The  wiping  out  of  a  debt,  as  by 
a  sinking  fund.  Any  payment  made  toward 
such  extinction.  The  accumulation  of  funds. 

Annual  payment. 

To  estimate  or  place  a  value  upon. 

Securities  bought  on  one  exchange  or  mar- 
ket and  sold  on  another. 


20 

Assets  and  Assets — Property  of  every  nature,  real  or 
Liabilities.  personal,  to  which  value  may  be  attached, 
belonging  to  a  person,  estate,  business  or 
corporation,  that  may  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  satisfying 
debts.  Resources.  "Liquid"  assets  are  those  that  are 
readily  turned  into  cash. 

Liabilities — All  debts  and  obligations. 

"Current"  assets  and  liabilities  are  those  that  change 
from  time  to  time. 

Assignment.  The  act  of  making  over  to  another  the  right 
one  has  in  a  property.  The  instrument, 
under  seal,  duly  witnessed,  under  which  certain  property 
rights  are  ' '  granted,  bargained,  sold,  assigned,  transferred 
or  set  over ' '  to  another. 

FoEM  OF  Assignment  of  Mobtqage. 
Iknow  HII  ^en  bg  Zbcec  presents,      That 

hereinafter  designated  as  the  party  of  the  first  part,  for  and  in  con^ 

sideration  of  the  sum  of Dollars,  lawful 

money  of  the  United  States,  to in.  hand  paid  by 

hereinafter  designated  as  the  party  of  the  second  part,  at  or  before  the 
ensealing  and  delivery  of  these  presents,  the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby 
acknowledged,  has  granted,  bargained,  sold,  assigned,  transferred  and 
set  over,  and  by  these  presents  does  grant,  bargain,  sell,  assign,  transfer 

and  set  over  to  the  said  party  of  the  second  part 

a  certain  indenture  of  mortgage  given  to  secure  payment  of  the  sum  of 

dollars  and  interest,  bearing  date  the 

day   of one   thousand hundred 

and made  by 

to    

and recorded  in  the  office  of  the of  the  County 

of 0/1.  the day  of ,  1. ., 

in  lihrr of  Section of  mortgages,  page which 

said  mortgage  covers  premises 

which  said  premises  are  included  in  Bloch  Number in  Section 

on  the  Land  Map  of  the  City  of  Nc-w  York. 


21 
Cogetbcr  with 

the  bond  or  ohligation  described  in  said  mortgage,  and  the  moneys  due 
and  to  grow  due  thereon  with  the  interest.  ^CO  baVC  anJ)  to  bolO 
the  same  to  the  said  party  of  the  second  purt,  and  to  the  successors, 
personal  representatives  and  assigns  of  the  said  party  of  the  second 
part,  forever,  subject  only  to  the  proviso  in  the  said  indenture  of 
mortgage  mentioned.  ?lnD  tb6  SalD  party  of  the  first  part  does  hereby 
make,  constitute  and  appoint  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  the  true 
and  lawful  attorney,  irrevocable,  of  the  party  of  the  first  part,  in  the 
name  of  the  party  of  the  first  part,  or  otherwise,  but  at  the  pi'oper 
costs  and  charges  of  the  party  of  the  second  part,  to  have,  use  and  take 
all  lawful  ways  and  means  for  the  recovery  of  the  said  money  and 
interest,  and  in  case  of  payment  to  discharge  the  same  as  fully  as  the 
party  of  the  first  part  might  or  could  do,  if  these  presents  were  not  made. 

IFn  MitnCSS  "©Ilbeceof,  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  has 

signed   

and  sealed  these  presents 

this day   of 191... 

In  the  presence  of  (l.  e.) 

Form  of  Assignment   (or  Transfer)   op  Stock. 
If  or  Vnluc  TRccclveO 

hereby  assigii  and  transfer  unto 

shareis)     

of  the  stock  of COMPANY, 

represented   by  the  Certificate  on   the  reverse  hereof,   and   do  hereby 

appoint   Attorney  irrevocable, 

to  transfer  the  said  stock  on  the  books  of  the  above  named  company,  this 

day   of 191 .. . 

(Signed ) , 

f  n  presence  ot 


See  Bonds  and  Stocks. 


Bankruptcy.    Default  in  the  payment  of  debts.    Failure. 
Insolvency.    Insufficient  funds  to  meet  lia- 
bilities.   Liabilities  over  Assets. 

The  U.  S.  Bankruptcy  Act  of  July  1,  1898,  as  amended 
by  Act  of  June  25,  1910,  provides : 


Z2 


Sec.  4.  Who  May  Become  Bankrupts, — (a)  Any  per- 
son except  a  municipal  railroad,  insurance  or  banking  cor- 
poration shall  be  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  this  act  as  a 
voluntary  bankrupt. 

The  bankruptcy  of  a  corporation  shall  not  release  its 
ofiicers,  directors,  or  stockholders,  as  such,  from  any  liabil- 
ity under  the  laws  of  a  State  or  Territory  or  of  the  United 
States. 

(&)  Any  natural  person,  except  a  wage-earner  or  a  per- 
son engaged  chiefly  in  farming  or  the  tillage  of  the  soil,  any 
unincorporated  company  and  any  moneyed  business,  or  com- 
mercial corporation,  except  a  municipal  railroad,  insurance 
or  banking  corporation,  owing  debts  to  the  amount  of  one 
thousand  dollars  or  over,  may  be  adjudged  an  involuntary 
bankrupt  upon  default  or  an  impartial  trial  and  shall  be 
subject  to  the  provisions  and  entitled  to  the  benefits  of 
this  act. 

Sec.  7.  Duties  of  Bankrupts. —  (a)  The  bankrupt  shall 
(1)  attend  the  first  meeting  of  his  creditors,  if  directed  by 
the  court  or  a  Judge  thereof  to  do  so,  and  the  hearing  upon 
his  application  for  a  discharge,  if  filed;  (2)  comply  with  all 
lawful  orders  of  the  court;  (3)  examine  the  correctness 
of  all  proofs  of  claims  filed  against  his  estate;  (4)  execute 
and  deliver  such  papers  as  shall  be  ordered  by  the  court; 
(5)  execute  to  his  trustee  transfers  of  all  his  property  in 
foreign  countries;  (6)  immediately  inform  his  trustee  of 
any  attempt,  by  his  creditors  or  other  persons,  to  evade  the 
provisions  of  this  act,  coming  to  his  knowledge;  (7)  in  case 
of  any  person  having  to  his  knowledge  proved  a  false  claim 
against  his  estate,  disclose  that  fact  immediately  to  his 
trustee;  (8)  prepare,  make  oath  to,  and  file  in  court  within 
ten  days,  unless  further  time  is  granted,  after  the  adjudi- 
cation if  an  involuntary  bankrupt,  and  with  the  petition 
if  a  voluntary  bankrupt,  a  schedule  of  his  property,  show- 
ing the  amount  and  kind  of  property,  the  location  thereof, 
its  money  value  in  detail,  and  a  list  of  his  creditors,  show- 
ing their  residences,  if  known  (if  unkno\ATi  that  fact  to  be 
stated),  the  amount  due  each  of  them,  the  consideration 
thereof,  the  security  held  by  them,  if  any,  and  a  claim  for 
such  exemptions  as  he  may  be  entitled  to,  all  in  triplicate, 
one  copy  of  each  for  the  clerk,  one  for  the  referee,  and  one 
for  the  trustee;  and  (0)  when  present  at  the  first  meeting 
of  his  creditors,  and  at  such  other  times  as  the  court  shall 
order,  submit  to  an  examination  concerning  the  conducting 
of  his  business,  the  cause  of  his  bankruptcy,  his  dealings 
with  his  creditors  and  other  persons,  the  amount,  kind, 
and  whereabouts  of  his  property,  and,  in  addition,  all  mat- 
ters which  may  affect  the  administration  and  settlement 
of  his  estate;  but  no  testimony  given  by  him  shall  be 
offered  in  evidence  against  him  in  any  criminal  proceedings. 
Provided,  however,  that  he  shall  not  be  reqiiired  to  attend 
a  meeting  of  his  creditors,  or  at  or  for  an  examination  at 
a  place  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  distant  from 
his  home  or  principal  place  of  business,  or  to  examine 
claims  except  when  presented  to  him,  unless  ordered  by 


23 

the  court,  or  a  Judge  thereof,  for  cause  shown,  and  the 
bankrupt  shall  be  paid  his  actual  expenses  from  the  estate 
when  examined  or  required  to  attend  at  any  place  other 
than  the  city,  town,  or  village  of  his  residence. 

Act  of  March  3,  1911  (Judicial  Code)  36  Stat.  1134,  as 
follows : 

Sec.  24.     Original  jurisdiction  in  district  courts. 

"Sec.  130.  The  Circuit  Courts  of  Appeals  shall  have  the 
appellate  and  supervisory  jurisdiction  conferred  upon  them 
by  the  act  entitled  'An  act  to  establish  a  uniform  system  of 
bankruptcy  throughout  the  United  States.'  approved  July 
first,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-eight,  and  all  la\\^ 
amendatory  thereof,  and  shall  exercise  the  same  in  the 
manner  therein  prescribed." 

Sec.  252  states  the  appellate  jurisdiction  of  the  Supreme 
Court  conferred  upon  it  by  the  Bankruptcy  act  of  July  1, 
1808.— (World  Almmiac.) 

Bill.  An  account  rendered  for  services  or  amounts 

due.     A  list  of  purchases  with  their  prices. 


NEW  YORK June 

1, 

19l6 

l^R,    B.  W.  LEECH 

439  Black  Street 

TO  ENOCH  AVARD, 

1132  NASSAU  STREET 

DR 

SERVICES  In  investigating  the 
financial  condition 
of  the  Terminal  Dock 
Company 

DISBURSEMENTS: 

Railroad  fare  $100.00 

Telegrams 8.00 

Printing 200.00 

Miscl 180.00 

Received  payment 

$10 

no 

000.00 

488.00 
,488.00 

1 

FoBM  Of  Bill  fob  Sebvices. 


M 


NEW   YORK ?®.^.*.J-» 

19l6 

MR.    JOHN  SMITH 

725  Main  Street 

TO  L.  W.  MORRIS,  DR. 

AO    NASSAU    STREET 

Jan. 

26 
29 

1  box  Emb.   Note  Paper 
1  Inkwell  Cover 

60 
20 

80 

Form  of  Bill  fob  Supplies. 

Bill  of  A   receipt    for   merchandise   issued   by    a 

Lading.  steamship  company,  a  railroad  or  other  car- 

rier to  the  shipper,  acknowledging  receipt 
of  the  goods  from  the  shipper  and  agreeing  to  deliver 
them  safely  to  consignee.  One  copy  of  the  Bill  of  Lading 
is  kept  by  the  shipper,  one  by  the  carrier  (consignor)  and 
one  is  sent  to  the  consignee.  A  Bill  of  Lading  may  be  as- 
signed. 

Form  of  Bill  of  Lading. 


Contract  No. 


IRecetveO    for  shipment,  in  apparent  good  order  and  condition,  from 

to  be  transported  by  the  Sieamer 

or  oilier  Al  Steamers,  to  sail  from  the  poi't  of 

and  hound  for {or  so  near 

thereto  as  she  may  safely  get  and  ahvays  lie  afloat),  having  liberty  to 
call  at  intermediate  ports  or  any  pwt  or  ports  hi  or  out  of  the  cus- 
tomary  route,  in  any  order,  to  receive  and /or  discharge  coal,  cargo,  pas- 


25 

sengers,  and  for  any  other  purposes, 

said  to  weiyh pounds,  being  marked  and  numbered  as  per 

margin  (quality,  quantity,  gauge,  contents,  weight  and  value  unknown), 
and  to  be  delivered  in  like  good  order  and  condition  from  the  vessel's 

rail  (where  carrier's  responsibility  ceases)  at  the  port  of 

unto  order or  to  his  or  their  assigns, 

he  or  they  paying  freight  in  exchange  for  delivery  order  for  said  goods, 
in  cash  without  allowance  for  credit  or  discount,  in  the  usual  money  of 
the  country  where  vessel  discharges;  settlement  to  be  made  on  the  basis 
of  4  Shillings  and  2  Pence,  4.30  Marks,  5.35  Francs,  2.55  Dutch  Guilders, 
3.80  Eroners,  5.35  Lire  Gold  to  the  United  States  Dollar,  or  at  the 
option  of  the  consignee,  settlement  to  be  made  at  the  rate  of  $4.80  to  the 
pound  sterling  at  the  current  rate  of  exchange  officially  quoted  on  the 
day  the  steamer  enters  the  Custom  House  at  port  of  discharge,  for  xchich 
bankers'  demand  bills  on  London  can.  be  bought;  (any  custom  or  laiv  of 
the  port  of  discharge  to  the  contrary  notivithstanding),  at  the  rate  of 

cents  United  States  Gold  Currency, 

per  one  hundred^  pounds  (100  pounds)  on  the  actual  gross  invoice  or 
discharged  weight  at  veseeVs  option,  charges  as  per  margin  and  average 
accustomed.  Consignees  shall  exhibit  the  true  invoice  to  vessel's  agent 
tahenever  called  upon  to  do  so. 

In  Witness  Whebeof,  the  Master^  or  Agent  of  said  vessel  hath 
affirmed  to  this  OSE  Bill  of  Lading,  which  being  accomplished  shall  be 
given  up  to  the  carrier  and  stand  void. 

Bill  of  An  unconditional  order  in  writing  addressed 

Exchange.  by  one  person  (the  drawer)  to  the  debtor 
(the  drawee),  signed  by  the  drawer,  re- 
quiring the  drawee,  or  person  to  whom  it  is  addressed,  to 
pay  the  sum  specified  on  demand,  or  to  the  bearer.  Some 
Bills  of  Exchange  are  payable  in  30,  60  or  90  days.  A 
Bill  of  Exchange  may  be  endorsed  and  is  negotiable.  "\Mien 
the  drawee  accepts  the  Bill  of  Exchange  for  pajnnent,  he 
then  becomes  the  ''acceptor."  Checks  and  Drafts  are 
Bills  of  Exchange. 


m~- 


% 


"?^"^ 


-y^/— 


</yc 


-■■  >.-1.":i<?"^ 


[m_ 


J. 


Form  of  Bill  of  Exchange. 

Bill  of  Sale.     An  instrument  (not  necessarily  under  seal) 
by  which  one  person  conveys  to  another  a 
number  of  articles,  or  the  right,  title  and  interest  in  per- 
sonal property.    An  assignment  of  goods  and  chattels. 

FoKM  OF  Bill  of  Sale. 

Iknow  all  /llben  bs  tbese  ipresents,   That 


o^  the  first  part,  for  and  in  conaidcratlon  of  the  sum  of 

lawful  money  of  the  United  States, 


rt 


to in  hand  paid,  at  or  before  the  ensealing  and  de- 
livery of  these  presents,  hy 

of  the  second  part,  the  receipt  tchcreof  is  hereby  acknowledged,  ha> 

bargained  and  sold,  and  by  these  presents  do  grant  and  convey,  unto 

the  said  part of  the  second  part, executors,  administra^ 

tors  and  assigns, 

(Here  insert  property) 

XLo  bave  anC)  to  bOlD  the  same  unto  the  said  part of  the  second 

part,     executors,   administrators  and  assigns 

forever.     And do for heirs,   executors   and   administra- 
tors, covenant  and  agree  to  and  with  the  said  part of  the  second 

part,  to  warrant  and  defend  the  sale  of  the  said 

hereby  sold  unto  the  said  part of  the  second  part executors, 

administrators  and  assigns  against  all  and  every  person  and  persons 
whomsoever. 

Ifn  XimtnCSB  MberCOt hare  hereunto  set hand  and  seal. . 

the day  of in  the  year  one  thou- 
sand n ine  hmndred  and 

SiflneD,  SealeO  anO  DcUvcreD  in  tbc  presence  of 

Bimetal-  Double  standard  of  currency — gold  and  sil- 

lism.  ver.    The  single  standard  is  known  as  mon- 

ometallism. 

Board  of  Association  of  business  men  to  develop  and 

Trade.  protect  the  trade  of  a  town  or  city. 

Bona  Fide.       In  good  faith.    Mala  fide,  not  in  good  faith. 
Bonanza.  Gold  mine.     Highly  speculative  enterprise. 


Bonds  and       Bonds — Instruments   by  which   a   govem- 

Stock.  ment,  municii^ality  or  corporation  contracts 

and  agrees  to  pay  a  specified  sum  of  money 


28 

on  a  given  date,  the  bond  itself  being  a  coupon-bearing  (or 
registered)  note  under  seal;  tlie  coupons  representing 
quarterly,  semi-annual  or  annual  interest  at  a  fixed  rate ;  a 
''registered"  bond  is  one  that  is  registered  on  the  books  of 
a  company  against  loss,  has  the  name  of  the  owner  filled 
out  on  the  face,  cannot  be  transferred  from  one  person  to 
another  without  endorsement  upon  the  back  by  the  party 
in  whose  name  it  is  registered  and  sending  to  some  desig- 
nated office  for  transfer. 

Stock — Represents  money  contributed  by  individuals 
for  the  conduct  of  a  business.  Preferred  Stock  is  that 
stock  which  has  a  claim  upon  the  property  and  earnings  of 
a  corporation  prior  to  some  other  stock.  Common  Stock 
is  that  part  of  the  capitalization  of  a  company  upon  which 
dividends  may  be  paid  only  after  satisfying  the  require- 
ments of  the  floating  debt,  bonds  and  preferred  stock; 
usually  represents  a  **  speculative "  ownership  in  a  cor- 
poration. — (Extract  frmn  "Municipal  and  Corporation  Bonds"  ty 
Montgomery  Rollins.) 

A  share  of  stock  may  be  transferred  or  sold  to  another 
by  filling  out  the  blank  form  of  transfer  on  the  back  of  the 
certificate  (see  Assignment  of  Stock) ;  but  the  new  owner 
has  no  right  to  vote  as  a  stockholder  or  receive  dividends 
unless  and  until  the  certificate  of  stock  has  been  turned 
in  to  the  company  and  his  name  registered  on  the 
books  of  the  company.  If  the  stock  is  loaned  or  hypothe- 
cated the  owner  cannot  vote. 

'* Watered"  stock  means  that  the  shares  of  a  stock  com- 
pany have  been  increased  to  a  much  greater  extent  than 
the  amount  of  capital  actually  paid  in. 


29 


INCORPORATED    UNDBR    THE    LAWS    OF   THE 
STATE    OF    NEW    YORK 

NUMBER    1498  SHARES     25 

BiGLOW  Rubber  Company 

CAPITAL  STOCK.   S1.000.000. 

This  Certifies  that  Mark  Regan  latheoiDnerofTvienty- 

f  ive  Shares  of  the  Capital  Stocli  of 

BICLO\V    RUBBER    COMPANY 

transferable  only  on  the  books  of  the  Corporation  by  the  holder  hereof  in  person 
or  byf  Attorney  upon  surrender  of  this  Certificate  properly  endorsed. 

In   Witness   Whereof,   the  said  Corporation  has  caused  this  Certificate 
to  be  signed  by  its  duly  authorized  officers  and  to  be  sealed  with  the  seal  of  the 

Corporation  this  2nd  </aj>  of  November ,    1914, 


Treasurer  PretiJenl 

NRABES,       JpXO       BACU 


FOEM    OF   CeETIFICATE  OF   STOCK. 

Bond  of  See  Surety, 

Indemnity. 

Bonus.  An  additional  or  gratuitous  amount  given 

for  a  loan,  privilege,  or  as  an  extra  dividend 

or  stock  to  shareholders  in  a  company ;  a  premium ;  surplus. 

Bourse.  A  place  where  merchants  and  bankers  meet 

for  the  transaction  of  business.  Paris  stock 
exchange.     See  Stock  Exchange. 

Bradstreet.      Publisher  of  commercial  ratings. 

Bucketshop.    An  office  where  gambling  or  pretended  trad- 
ing in  the  stocks  listed  on  the  larger  ex- 
changes is  carried  on,  no  actual  deliveries  being  made. 


30 

Building  Building  and  loan  associations — or,  as  they 

and  Loan  they  are  officially  known  in  New  York 
Association.  State,  savings  and  loan  associations — are 
mutual  associations  of  home-builders,  who 
admit,  both  from  their  own  ranks  and  from  outsiders,  sav- 
ings members,  that  is,  those  who  buy  stock.  The  vast  ma- 
jority of  these  co-operative  associations  naturally  confine 
their  loans  to  a  restricted  territory,  often  only  one  section 
of  a  city,  known  to  the  officers.  Responsible  persons  who 
have  bought  a  lot  and  paid  for  it  in  full  are  lent  funds  on 
first  mortgage  to  build  a  home,  the  loan  being  repayable  in 
monthly  instalments.  The  funds  come  from  the  savings 
members  who  buy  shares,  usually  paying  $1  per  share 
down  and  $1  a  month.  These  shares  can  be  withdrawn, 
either  on  demand  or  upon  one  or  two  months '  notice ;  but 
the  profits  are  larger  if  they  are  allowed  to  remain.  Divi- 
dends are  not  paid  every  three  or  six  months  or  yearly 
upon  these  shares  as  upon  corporation  stock ;  but,  as  profits 
from  lending  money  accumulate,  they  are  applied  to  the 
balance  due  on  shares,  and  the  investor  at  the  end  of  a  few 
years  receives  his  share  fully  paid  for,  usually  $100  or  $200. 

A  distinctive  feature  of  these  associations  is  that  the 
management  is  not  remunerated,  and  the  safety  of  shares 
depends  upon  knowing  that  the  officers  are  men  of  integrity 
and  good  judgment  as  to  the  value  of  local  real  estate  and 
the  ability  of  the  home-builders  to  pay  their  instalments. 

From  the  very  nature  of  the  case,  information  regarding 
these  associations  must  be  obtained  from  local  sources  or 
from  the  State  departments  that  usually  have  charge  of 
them.     In  many  States,  including  Wisconsin,  the  banking 


31 

commissioner  has  full  charge.  The  Banking  Department 
of  New  York  reports  that  in  1912  expenses  of  conducting 
the  local  associations  was  but  74  cents  for  each  $100  of 
invested  capital,  while  the  dividend  averaged  5  6-10  per 

cent.— (From  McClure's  Magazine,  ''Your  Money  and  Hoio  to  Make  it 
Earn.") 

Bulls  and  The  terms  ' '  Bulls ' '  and  ' '  Bears ' '  are  cus- 
Bears.  tomarily    accepted    to    mean    as    follows: 

'  *  Bull ' ' :  one  who  believes  that  higher  prices 
will  prevail  and  buys  stock  or  commodities  accordingly; 
presumably  originating  in  the  characteristic  of  tEe  animal 
to  toss  up.  ''Bear":  one  who  believes  that  lower  prices 
will  prevail  and  sells  stock  or  commodities  accordingly; 
the  name  presumably  originating  in  the  characteristic  of 
the  animal  to  tear  down. 

Business  Ignorance  of  the  law  excuses  no  one.  Every- 

Laws.  one  is  bound  to  Imow  the  law  and  cannot 

plead  ignorance  of  it. 

A  receipt  for  money  paid  is  not  legally  conclusive. 

Every  agreement  must  have  a  consideration  expressed. 

Notes  obtained  from  minors,  by  fraud,  or  from  intoxi- 
cated persons  cannot  be  collected. 

Unless  otherwise  specified,  a  note  is  considered  payable 
on  demand. 

A  check  should  be  presented  for  payment  as  soon  as 
possible. 

Contracts  made  with  a  minor,  lunatic,  or  on  Sunday, 
are  not  binding. 


S2 

Principals  are  responsible  for  the  acts  of  their  agents. 
Each  partner  is  responsible  for  the  whole  debts  of  the 
firm. 

The  act  of  one  partner  binds  all  the  others. 

It  is  a  fraud  to  conceal  a  fraud. 

Lead  pencil  signatures  are  considered  good  in  law. 

By-Laws.         When  a  company  is  formed,  a  set  of  by-laws 
are  framed,  defining  the  rules  under  which 
the  business  shall  be  conducted,  usually  providing  about  as 
follows : 

That  the  business  of  the  company  shall  be  managed  by 
a  board  of  directors,  elected  by  the  stockholders  at  their 
first  annual  meeting,  who  shall  hold  office  until  the  follow- 
ing or  next  annual  meeting;  that  every  stockliolder  present 
at  such  meetings  in  person  or  by  proxy  is  entitled  to  one 
vote  for  each  share  of  stock  he  owns,  provided  no  share  of 
stock  has  been  transferred  on  the  books  of  the  company 
or  hypothecated ;  that  a  majority  of  the  stockholders  shall 
constitute  a  quorum ;  that  the  duties  of  the  officers  shall  be 
as  follows : 

PREsmENT — To  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the  stock- 
holders and  all  meetings  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  to  sign 
all  certificates  of  stock  and  bonds,  all  conveyances,  etc., 
and  have  general  control  and  management  of  the  affairs 
of  the  Company. 

Vice  President — To  act  and  perform  all  the  duties  of 
the  President  in  his  absence. 

Secretary — To  issue  all  certificates  of  stock  and  bonds, 


33 

attest  same  as  Secretary  and  affix  the  seal  of  the  Company 
thereto;  jDrovide  and  keep  the  necessary  books,  record 
minutes  of  stockholders '  and  directors '  meetings,  and  per- 
form such  other  duties  as  may  be  assigned  to  him  by  the 
President  and  Board  of  Directors. 

Treasurer — To  receive  all  money,  safely  keep  the  same, 
and  pay  it  out,  keeping  full  and  accurate  account  of  such 
receipts  and  disbursements.  He  shall  give  bond  to  the 
Company  for  the  faithful  performance  of  his  duties. 

Cablegrams.     Divided  into  the  following  classes:  Plain 
Language,  Code  and  Cipher,  Full  Pate, 
Deferred    Half    Rate    Messages,    Cable    Letters,   and 
Week-End  Letters. 

Plain  Language  Messages — Neither  in  code  nor  cipher. 
May  be  written  in  any  language  that  can  be  expressed  in 
Roman  letters.  Each  word  of  fifteen  letters  or  less  is 
counted  and  charged  as  a  word.  Words  of  over  fifteen 
letters  are  counted  and  charged  for  at  the  rate  of  fifteen 
letters  or  fractions  of  fifteen  letters  to  a  word. 

Example  :responsibility  14  letters  1  word 

unconstitutional     16 letters  2 words 

Code  Messages — May  contain  words  belonging  to  one 
or  more  of  the  following  languages ;  English,  French,  Ger- 
man, Italian,  Dutch,  Portuguese,  Spanish  or  Latin.  Code 
messages  may  also  contain  artificial  words,  that  is,  groups 
of  letters  so  combined  as  to  be  pronounceable  in  at  least 
one  of  the  eight  admitted  languages. 


84 

Example :  offenseful    (code  dictionary  word) 
10  letters — 1  word 
ABACABOBAN  (artificial  word) 
10  letters — 1  word 

In  code  messages,  each  code  word  (whether  genuine  or 
artificial)  of  ten  letters  or  less  is  counted  and  charged  as 
one  word.  No  code  word  of  more  than  ten  letters  is  ac- 
cepted. If  any  words  in  plain  language  and  of  MORE 
than  ten  letters  each  are  used  in  Code  messages,  they  are 
counted  at  the  rate  of  ten  letters  to  a  word. 

Cipher  Language — Formed  of  groups  of  figures  or 
groups  of  letters  having  a  secret  meaning,  each  uninter- 
rupted series  being  counted  at  the  rate  of  five  figures  or 
five  letters  to  a  word. 

Words  in  plain  language  inserted  in  such  messages  are 
counted  and  charged  at  the  rate  of  fifteen  letters  or  fraction 
thereof  to  the  word. 

Example :  19554  42768  responsibility     (3 words) 
xbqgr yhtwc  unconstitutional 

(4  words) 

Figures  AND  letters  are  counted  separately. 
Example:     a5C — counted  and  charged  as  three  words. 

Full  Rate  Messages — Code  or  cipher  permitted.  Ac- 
cepted for  immediate  transmission  and  delivery. 

Deferred  Half  Rate  Messages — Communications  of  a 
non-urgent  character. 

Must  be  written  in  plain  language  of  the  country  of 


35 

origin  or  destination,  or  they  may  be  written  in  French  as 
a  Universal  language.  The  use  of  more  than  one  language 
in  the  same  message  is  not  permitted. 

The  sender  must  write  before  the  address,  and  pay  the 
charge  on  one  word  for  the  letters  LCO  (language  country 
of  origin)  or  LCD  (language  country  of  destination)  or 
LCF  (language  country  French),  according  to  the  lan- 
guage in  which  the  message  is  written. 

Except  in  the  address,  all  numbers  should  be  spelled  out. 

Code  or  registered  cable  address  may  be  used. 

Subject  to  being  deferred  in  favor  of  Full-Rate  messages 
for  not  exceeding  19  to  24  hours. 

Eate — one-half  regular  cable  rate,  except  on  messages 
destined  to  points  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  when  3 
cents  per  word  less  than  half  regular  rates. 

Any  cablegram  filed  ivithout  an  indication  that  it  is  to 
be  sent  as  a  Deferred  Half  Eate  message  is  assumed  to 
be  intended  for  immediate  transmission  and  is  sent  with 
full  paid  cablegrams. 

Cable  Letters — For  plain-language  business  and  social 
communications,  which  it  is  not  desired  to  subject  to  the 
over-sea  mail's  delay,  yet  which  are  not  of  sufficient  ur- 
gency and  importance  to  warrant  payment  of  full  cable 
tolls  on  the  same.  Are  subject  to  transmission  at  the  Tele- 
graph Company's  convenience  and  have  a  fixed  time  of 
delivery,  well  within  24  hours  from  time  of  filing. 

Must  be  written  in  plain  language  of  the  country  of 
origin,  or  the  language  of  the  country  of  destination. 

Code  language  is  not  accepted,  although  code  addresses 
may  be  used. 


36 

The  use  of  more  than  one  language  in  the  same  message 
is  not  permitted. 

Rate — 75  cents  for  13  words  (which  includes  the  neces- 
sary indicator)  and  5  cents  for  each  additional  word  be- 
tween New  York,  Boston,  Halifax  or  Montreal  and  Lon- 
don or  Liverpool,  plus  Night  Letter  rates  to  New  York 
and  regular  charges  beyond  London  if  telegraphic  delivery 
is  desired. 

Week-End  Letters — Differ  from  Cable  Letters  only  in 
the  increased  number  of  words  included  in  the  minimum 
charge,  and  in  the  time  of  delivery. 

The  minimum  number  of  words  charged  for  is  25. 

May  be  filed  before  midnight  Saturday  for  delivery  Mon- 
day. 

Must  be  written  in  plain  language  of  country  of  origin 
or  the  language  of  the  country  of  destination.  Use  of 
more  than  one  language  in  the  same  message  not  permit- 
ted. 

Code  language  not  accepted,  although  the  address  may 
be  coded. 

Rate — $1.15  for  25  words  (which  includes  the  necessary 
indicator)  and  5  cents  for  each  additional  word. 

Wireless  Prepaid  Messages — Accepted  for  transmission 
by  Wireless  at  sender's  risk  to  nearly  all  of  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  Ocean  Steamships  and  boats  on  the  Great  Lakes 
and  Long  Island  Sound. 

General,  Rules  for  Writing  Cablegrams. 
Every  message  must  be  prepaid,  unless  otherwise  speci- 
fically arranged. 


37 

All  words  in  the  address,  text  and  signature  are  charged 
for. 

In  the  address  of  any  message,  the  name  of  the  office  of 
destination,  the  name  of  the  country  and  the  name  of  the 
territorial  subdivisions  are  each  charged  as  one  word,  no 
matter  how  many  letters  are  employed. 

Cable  addresses  may  be  registered  free  of  charge  with 
the  Telegraph  Comj^any.  Foreign  Government  Telegraphs 
charge  for  this  service. 

The  address  of  every  message  must  consist  of  at  least 
two  words,  the  first  indicating  the  name  of  the  receiver  and 
the  second  the  name  of  the  office  of  destination. 

Corrections  or  alterations  must  be  made  in  a  new  cable- 
gram, which  must  be  paid  for. 

Every  isolated  figure,  letter  or  character  counts  as  one 
word. 

Words  joined  by  a  hyphen  or  separated  by  an  apostrophe 
are  charged  for  as  so  many  separate  words.  (Example, 
Navy-yard,  2  words). 

Signs  of  punctuation,  hyphens  and  apostrophes  are  not 
counted  or  sent  except  upon  formal  demand  of  the  sender, 
in  which  case  they  will  be  charged  for  as  one  word  each. 

Inverted  commas,  the  two  signs  of  parenthesis,  and  each 
separate  figure,  letter,  underline  or  character  will  be 
counted  as  one  word. 

When  the  letters  "ch"  come  together  in  the  spelling  of 
a  word,  they  are  counted  as  one  letter.  (Example,  ''Chir- 
opodist" 10  letters).  In  artificial  words,  however,  the 
combination  is  counted  as  two  letters. 


38 


The  following  examples  determine  the  interpretation  of  the  rules  to  be  followed  in  count- 
ing words. 


New  York 

Newyork 

Frankfurt  INIain.  . .  . 

Frankfurt  a/M 

Frankfurtmain 

Sanct  Poelten 

Sanctpoelten 

Emniingen  Han- 
nover*  

Emmingen  Wurt- 
temburg* 

Newsouthwaies 

(R  P  1(5)  supplemen- 
tary instructions 
written  in  abridged 
form) 

Vandebrande  (name 
of  a  person). 

Du  Bois 

Dubois  (name  of  a 
person) 

Belgrave  Square.  .  .  . 

Belgravesquare  (con- 
trary to  the  usage 
of  the  language) . . 

Hydepark  (contrary 
to  the  usage  of  the 
language) 

Hydepark  Square  t  ■ 

Saint  James  Street . 

Saintjames  Street. . 

AUright 

Alright 

Rue  de  la  Paix.  .  .  . 

Rue  delapaix 

Responsibility 

Unconstitutionality 
(19  characters).  . . 

A-t-il 

C'est-a-dire.  . . . 

Aujourd'hui..  .  . 

Aujourdhui.  .  .  . 

Porte-monnaie. 

Portemonnaie. 

Princeof  Wales  (ship) 

Princeof wales  (ship). 

44  1/2  (5  characters) 

444 1  /2  (Gcharacters) 

444.5  (5  characters) . 


Number  of  Words. 

In 

Text. 

Plain 

Code 

Address 

Lan- 

Lan- 

guage 

guage 

Mes- 

Mes- 

sages. 

sages. 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

.-> 

3 

1 

2 

1 

1 

» 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

3 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

444.55  (6  characters) 

44/2  (4  characters) 
44/  (3  characters)  . 
2%  (4  characters).. 

2p  % 

54-58  (5  characters) 

17me  (4  characters) 

E 

E  M  (isolated  let- 
ters)   

Emythf   (6 , charac- 
ters)  

Ch23 

GH  F45 

A5C 

197a/199a 

AP 

Le  1529me  (1  word 
and  a  group  of  6 
characters) 

10  francs  50  cen- 
times (or)  10  fr. 
50  c 

10  fr.  50 

Fr.  10.50 

11.30 

huit/10 

5bi3 

30at 

15x6t 

Two    hundred    and 

thirty  four 

T  wohund  redan  d- 
thirtyfour  (23 
characters) 

Troisceuxriets 

Unneufdixiemes 

Deux  mille  cent  qua- 
tre  vingtquatroze. . 

Deuxmilecentquatre- 

vingtquatorze  (31 
characters) 

M  I 

(Private)  the  affair  is 
urgent,  leave  at 
once  (one  pair  of 
brackets,  one  un- 
derline)  


Number  op  Words. 


In 

Address 


Text. 


Plain 
Lan- 
guage 

Mes- 


10 


t  Telegraph  instruments  cannot  reproduce  such  expressions  as  30a  15  x  6,  etc.  Senders 
must  be  asked  to  substitute  for  them  the  explicit  meanings  "30  exponant  a,"  "15  multiplied 
by  6,"  etc. 

*  Hannover  and  Wurttemburg  following  Emmingen,  serve  to  complete  the  designation  of 
two  offices  of  the  same  name  in  the  same  State,  and  thus  appear  in  the  first  column  of  the 
official  nomenclature  of  telegraph  offices. 

t  In  this  case,  the  expression  "Hydepark,"  written  as  a  single  word,  counts  as  one  word, 
because  the  work  "park"  forms  an  integral  part  of  the  name  of  the  square. 


39 

Abbreviations,  misspelled  words,  illegitimate  compound 
words,  words  combined  in  a  manner  contrary  to  the  usages 
of  the  several  languages  authorized,  also  unpronounceable 
groups  of  letters  (not  trademarks  or  marks  of  commerce) 
are  inadmissable,  but  if  they  should  accidentally  appear 
in  a  message  the  unpronounceable  groups  will  be  charged 
for  at  the  rate  of  five  letters,  or  fractions  of  five  letters, 
as  one  word,  and  the  others  in  accordance  with  the  number 
of  words  they  actually  contain. 

Upon  payment  of  a  quarter  of  the  full  rate,  in  addition 
to  the  ordinary  tolls,  a  cable  message  will  be  repeated, 
which  ensures  its  correct  transmission. 

Repetition  of  a  doubtful  word  or  words  may  be  re- 
quested by  the  addressee  without  charge  by  the  Cable  Co 
therefor. 

Capital.  The  amount  of  money  put  into  a  business. 

Available  funds. 

Capitaliza-       See  Bonds  and  Stocks. 
tion. 

Capital 
Letters. 
Begin  with  a  capital : 

(1)     The   first   word    of   every    complete    sentence, 
whether  simple  or  compound. 

Examples:     (Simple  Sentence)  Experience  develops  a 
stenographer. 

(Compound  Sentence)  One  of  the  questions 
answered  herein  is :  How  shall  I  properly  write  a 
check? 


40 

(2)  The  first  word  of  each  line  of  poetry. 

Examples : 

I  didn't  begin  with  askings, 

I  took  my  job,  and  I  stuck, 

And  I  took  the  chance  they  wouldn't, 

And  now  they're  calling  it  "luck." 

— Eiplinff. 

(3)  Proper  nouns  and  words  derived  from  proper 
nouns. 

Examples :  Engineer  Lee,  ex-President  Roosevelt, 
Grace,  Riverside  Drive,  Chicago,  War  of  1812,  New 
Thought,  Professor  Jones,  President  Blank,  Good 
Queen  Bess,  King  George,  Roman,  Ohio,  Victorian, 
Interstate  Commerce  Commission,  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral. 


(4)     Words  used  to  indicate  the  Deity. 


Examples :  He,  Him,  Thou,  Thy,  Thee,  Heaven,  Prov- 
idence, God,  Father,  Son,  Holy  Ghost,  Supreme 
Being,  the  Almighty,  etc. 

God  indicating  a  heathen  deity  is  not  capital- 
ized.   "Thou  Shalt  have  no  other  gods  before  me." 

Heai?ens  (plural),  when  the  sky  is  meant,  is 
not  capitalized. 


(5)     Names  of  things  personified. 


Examples : 

"O  Death,  where  is  thy  sting.' 
"The  Sea  saw  it  and  fled.'' 


(6)     Months  of  the  year,  days  of  the  week,  and  holi- 
days. 

Examples:    January,     Monday,     Lincoln's    Birthday. 


41 

Names  of  the  seasons  (spring,  summer, 
autumn  and  winter)  are  not  capitalized.  When 
autumn  is  referred  to  as  "the  Fall,"  Fall  is 
begun  with  a  capital  letter. 

(7)  The  first  words  of  a  direct  quotation. 

Examples:  The  Oliver  Typewriter  Company  replied: 
"To  make  the  pound  Sterling  mark,  strike  a  small 
f  over  a  small  t." 

(Indirect  Quotation)  :  The  Oliver  Typewriter 
Company  replied  that  the  pound  Sterling  mark 
could  be  made  "by  striking  the  hyphen  over  the 
capital  L,"  if  we  did  not  wish  to  make  the  sign 
with  ink. 

(8)  The  words  north,  south,  east  and  ivest,  when  in- 
dicating a  section  of  the  country  and  not  direc- 
tion. 

Examples : 

This  interesting  story  comes  from  the  West. 
The  wind  is  from  the  east. 

(9)  Personal  pronoun  I  and  interjection  0. 

The  interjection  oh  is  not  capitalized  except 
at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence;  and  is  always 
followed  by  a  comma  or  an  exclamation-mark. 
' '  The  stamp — oh !  I  forgot  to  put  it  on. ' ' 

The  interjection  0  seldom  has  a  punctua- 
tion-mark after  it,  as,  * '  0  Miss  Smith,  this  is  not 
the  letter." 

(10)     Important  words  in  the  title  of  a  book,  picture, 
play,  heading,  subject  of  a  chapter,  article  or 


4S 


paragraph.       (Each  noun,  verb,  adjective,  and 
adverb.) 


Examples :    The  title  of  this  book   is,   "What  Every 
Business  Woman   Should   Know." 

"The  Roman  Girl  at  the  Well,"  "The  Girl  of 
the  Golden  West."  • 

Car  Demurrage  and  Freight  Revenue,  Article 
I,  Resolved,  Whereas. 


When  jointly  used  with  proper  names,  or  when  indi- 
cating that  the  person  is  directly  addressed,  mother,  father, 
sister,  brother,  cousin,  aunt,  etc.  are  capitalized. 

Examples : 

"I  agree  with  you,  Mother,  it  is  the  better  way." 

Aunt  Mary,  Cousin  Margaret,  Sister  Sue. 

My  uncle  and  aunt  are  en  route  to  California. 

The  names  of  articles  or  goods,  or  terms  that  are 
peculiar  to  a  certain  line  of  business,  are  frequently  capi- 
talized. 

The  prefix  ex  is  not  capitalized  except  at  the  begin- 
ning of  a  sentence. 

Example:    Among     those     present     were     ex-Judge 
Townes  and  ex-President  Taft. 

In  typewriting,  either  capitals  or  small  letters  may 
be  used  for  a.m.  and  p.m.;  as,  10:30  P.M.,  9  a.m.  There 
should  be  no  space  between  the  two  letters. 


Care  of  Every    reasonable    precaution    should    be 

ImportaJit        taken  against   loss   of   important  papers, 
Papers.  either  by  theft,  fire  or  whatever  the  case 

may  be,  and  no  better  precaution  can  be 
taken  than  by  renting  a  box  in  some  safe  deposit  com- 
pany. There  is  no  recorded  instance  of  an  effort  to 
break  into  a  modern  safe  deposit  vault.  The  physical 
obstacles  offered  by  the  construction  are  too  great. 
There  are  a  great  many  people  who  think  they  cannot 
afford  a  deposit  box,  but  in  the  long  run  it  proves  a  very 
cheap  method  of  insurance.  Have  a  complete  list  of  the 
papers  to  be  preserved  made,  and  keep  this  in  a  SEPAR- 
ATE place  from  where  the  actual  documents  are  kept,  in 
an  entirely  different  building  if  possible,  so  that  if  the 
papers  are  destroyed  by  fire  the  same  fire  will  not  destroy 

the  list. — (From  "Municipal  and  Corporation  Bonds"  bij  Montgomery 
Rollins.) 

Casualty  See  Accident  or  Casualty  Insurance. 

Insurance. 

Caveat.  An  order  to  hold  action  on  the  specified 

matter  in  abeyance  until  further  notice  or 
advice  is  received,  e.  g.,  a  caveat  may  be  filed  against  the 
probate  of  a  will. 

Certificate  A  certificate  issued  against  a  deposit  of 
of  Deposit.  money,  payable  at  a  fixed  due  date  deter- 
mined by  the  depositor.  Interest  is  allowed 
at  a  rate  which  depends  on  the  amount  of  the  deposit  and 
the  length  of  time  for  which  the  certificate  is  issued. 
Checks  cannot  be  issued  against  these  funds. 


44 


iriret  Battonal  Bank  of  Statetown 


No. 


Statetown,'- 


-19. 


ha deposited  in  thi; 

- Dollari 


Bank 

payable  to  the  order  of _ 

upon  the  return  of  this  Certificate  properly  endorsed,  with  interest 
at per  cent,  per  annum  if  left months. 

PAYMENT  SUBJECT  TO  TWO  WEEKS  NOTICE. 


■  Cashii 


FoKM  OF  Certificate  of  Deposit. 

Certiorari.       A  writ  removing  an  action  from  a  lower  to 
a  higher  court. 

Chamber  of      Association  of  business  men  to  develop  and 
Commerce.        protect  the  trade  of  a  town  or  city. 

Charter.  The  grant  of  certain  powers  or  privileges 

to  a  company  or  corporation. 

Charter  The  contract  or  instrument  embodying  the 

Party.  terms  under  which  a  ship  is  hired.    A  mer- 

cantile lease  of  a  ship. 


Form  of  Charter  Party. 

HtttCleS  of  Hfltecmcnt,    m.ade  this d(iu  of 

hy  and  between of  the  city  of 

party  of  the  first  part,  and 

of  the  same  place,  party  of  the  second  part, 

TRflltnCSSetb,  that  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  has  this  day  char- 
tered and  hired  unto  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  the  vessel  named 
of and  of  the  burden  of 


45 

tons,  or  thereabouts,  with  all  the  appurtenances,  cahlcs,  anchors,  chains, 

etc.,  which  belong  to  said  vessel,  for  the  term  of months, 

from  the dau  of ,  to  be  delivered  at  the 

port  of 

ffor  tbe  use   of  said  vessel  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  agrees 
and  binds  himself  to  pmj  to  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  the  sum  of 

dollars,  the  payment  to  be  made  as 

follows: dollars  on  the  delivery  of  said  vessel ; 

dollars  on  the day  of ; 

and dollars  at  the  expiration  of  the  said 

months.  And  it  is  agreed  that  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  shall  be 
at  all  the  expense  of  manning,  etc.,  and  shall  return  the  same  to   the 

said  party  of  the  first  part,  at  the  port  of vn  as 

good  condition  as  it  noiO'  is  with  exception  of  the  ordinary  use  and 
toear,  and  if  the  said  party  of  the  second  part  shall  at  any  time  refuse 
to  fulfill  on  his  part,  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  shall  have  the  right 
to  take  possession  of  the  said  vessel,  wherever  the  same  be  found. 

IFn  limitness  "Ombeceot,  the  said  parties  have  hereunto  set  their  hands 
and  seals,  the  day  and  year  above  loi'itteiu 

SealeD  anD  Delivered 

in  presence  of 


(Seal) 
(Seal) 


Chattel  See  Mortgage. 

Mortgage. 

Checks.  A  cheek  is  an  order  in  writing,  without  con- 

ditions, directing  that  the  amount  specified 
be  paid  on  demand  to  the  order  of  the  person  or  persons 
named.    A  bill  of  exchange. 

A  person  who  draws  a  check  on  a  bank  in  which  he  has 
no  account  is  guilty  of  a  crime  and  liable  to  indictment. 

A  check  should  be  presented  at  the  bank  for  payment 
as  soon  as  possible  after  its  receipt,  usually  within  twenty- 
four  hours. 


46 

If  the  cheek  is  payable  to  the  Order  of  some  person 
named,  the  person  so  specified  must  endorse  it. 

The  endorsement  must  be  the  same  as  the  face  of  the 
check.  If  drawn  to  the  order  of  ''Martha  Williams"  it 
will  not  do  to  endorse  the  check  "  M.  A.  Williams.  ' ' 

When  the  payee  signs  only  his  name  on  the  back  of  the 
check  (called  an  endorsement  in  blank)  it  remains  negoti- 
able, transferable  to  others;  but  if  the  payee  endorses  it 
Pay  to  John  Simpson^  signing  his  name  below,  it  becomes 
the  property  of  John  Simpson  only.  Had  he  endorsed  it 
Pay  to  the  Order  of  John  Simpson  (called  an  endorse- 
ment in  full),  and  signed  his  name  underneath,  it  would 
then  be  negotiable  and  transferable  by  John  Simpson  to 
another. 

A  check  reading  Pay  to  Bearer  or  Pay  to  Cash  needs 
no  endorsement.  It  is  payable  to  anyone  who  presents  it. 
If  the  check  is  cashed  after  having  been  lost  or  stolen,  the 
maker  of  the  check  would  be  the  loser.  But  when  it  is 
payable  to  the  Order  of  Bearer  or  Cash,  the  payee,  or 
one  collecting  the  amount  of  the  check  from  the  bank,  must 
endorse  it. 

If  the  name  of  the  payee  is  misspelled  on  the  face  of  the 
check,  when  endorsing  it  he  should  first  write  it  as  it  ap- 
pears on  the  face  and  underneath  his  name  correctly  writ- 
ten, i.  e., 

Edward  Brown 
Edouard  Browne 

If  there  is  a  difference  in  the  amount  specified  in  the 
"body"  or  written  amount  on  the  check  and  the  numerals, 


47 


No     1  NEW  YORK.J^^^^yJ__siLl9l6. 

g>tat?ttixmt  lank  $c  ®ru0t  Olimipattij 

Pay  to  the  order  of  MARY  SMITH • 


Two  hundred  fifty  and  7^  ------  ^QL^y^pg 


A  Pboperly  Drawn  Check. 


Endorsemknt  on  Back  of  Check. 


No. 
Pay 

2 

S>tatrtj 

to  the 

Mpw  Yr^BK   January  3d,  icj,6 

iwn  lank  $c  (Em&t  ([Inmpany 

oRHFR  OF                      Bearer 

Fifteen 

-    -    -    -              ~    Dollars 

$ 

15    "^ 

±0  »  100 

(3-  Cy?.  jJ.yr,vU/j 

^                                                                                                  1 

Ak  Impeoperly  Drawn  Check. 


48 

the  bank  is  governed  by  the  written  amount ;  for  example, 
if  the  body  of  the  check  states  Two  Hundred  Fifty  and 
?i2.  Dollars  and  the   nmnerals  read    $215. -^J-,  the  bank 

100  -"^^ 

pays  $250. 

^A^ile  it  is  not  necessary  it  is  clearer  to  insert  and  be- 
tween the  dollars  and  cents  in  the  body  of  the  check. 

In  drawing  a  check  to  the  order  of  a  married  woman,  it 
may  be  drawn  either  to  (Mrs.)  John  Smith  or  to  Mary 
Smith,  but  the  latter  is  the  better  form  unless  it  is  desired 
to  show  it  is  the  wife  of  ''John  Smith."  The  essential 
point  is  to  endorse  the  check  Exactly  as  it  is  drawn  on  the 
face. 

A  glance  at  check  No.  2  on  page  47  will  show  how  easily 
it  might  be  raised.  The  "Fifteen"  is  written  so  far  to  the 
right  that  "One  Hundred"  might  readily  be  put  before  it 
and  the  numeral  "1"  as  easily  inserted  before  the  figure 
"15",  the  check  then  calling  for  "One  Hundred  Fifteen" 
dollars  instead  of  "Fifteen." 

The  Congress  of  the  United  States  had  under  consider- 
ation some  years  ago  a  law  to  jorohibit  corporations  from 
transmitting  checks  for  less  than  One  Dollar.  It  never 
became  effective.  A  check  may  be  issued  for  any  amount. 
If  less  than  One  Dollar,  the  amount  should  be  spelled  out, 
followed  by  the  word  only :  i.  e.,  ' '  Sixty-five  cents  only. ' ' 

Alterations — A  bank  will  not  pay  a  check  on  which 
there  is  any  evidence  of  alteration,  except  that  the  name 
of  the  bank  printed  on  the  check  may  be  crossed  out 
and  the  name  of  another  bank,  in  which  the  drawer  of  the 
check  has  funds,  may  be  substituted. 


49 


VOUCHER   CHECK   OF 

STATETOWN  HARBOR  TERMINAL  RAILWAY 

STATETOWN.  NEW  YORK 
PAY  TO- 191 


DESCRIPTION 


AMOUNT 


Examined  and  Entered  on 
Voucher  Record 


Certified  as  Correct  '     Approved  for  Payment 


By- 


BOOKKEEPER 


ENGINEER 


VOUCHER  CHECK   No $ 

RECEIVED  FROM  STATETOWN  HARBOR  TERMINAL  RAILWAY 


Dollars 


Being  in  Full  Payment  of  Above  Account. 


When  properly  receipted  this  Voucher  Chccn 
payable  at 

SMITH,  JONES  &  CO. 
TOWNSTATE,  MD. 


Statetown  Harbor  Terminal  Railway 


By. 


(Eold  Voucher  but  once) 


TRCASURER 


Form  of  Voucher  Check. 


CO 

j 

_ 

Oi 

OS 

•~ 

ff 

cs 

e 

o 

o 

as 

(- 

H- 

111 

_l 

CQ 

D 

V 

(_ 

ts 

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>- 
< 

(/> 

J. 

en 

a. 

a 

(_ 

)          a= 

nr 

cz 

^ 

u. 

» 

o 

I 

^ 

^ 

c 

>                 OB 

§  ^ 

2 

> 

CO 

FoEM  OF  Endorsement  of  Voucher  Check. 


50 

Voucher  Check — Check  and  receipt  in  one  document, 
showing  what  payment  by  check  covers.  Usually  drawn 
in  duplicate. 

Checks  are  numbered  consecutively,  the  stub  remaining 
in  the  check-book  containing  a  corresponding  number  to 
the  issued  check.  Some  firms,  when  their  cancelled  checks 
are  returned  from  the  bank,  have  each  check  pasted  to 
its  stub. 

Payment  of  Check  Refused — See  Protest. 

Stop  Payment  Order — An  order  given  by  a  customer 
to  his  bank  directing  it  not  to  pay  a  specified  check.  When 
a  check  has  been  lost  or  stolen  a  ''Stop  Payment  Order" 
should  at  once  be  sent  to  the  bank. 


January 

1 

1916. 

Statetown  Bank 

&  Trust  Co. , 

Statetown, 

New  York, 

Dear  Sirs: 

Please 

accept  this  as  not 

ice  that  we 

desire  payment 

stopped  on  our  Check 

No.  333, 

dated  December 

28th,  1915,  issued 

in  favor 

of  JOHN  BROWN  & 

COMPANY,  for  $250. 
Yours  truly, 

(Sgd)  MOORE 

& 

COMPANY 

Form   of  Stop  Payment  Obdeb. 


51 

Cektified  Check — When  a  bank  ' '  certifies ' '  a  check  it 
guarantees  that  the  drawer  of  the  check  has  sufficient  funds 
on  deposit  with  it  at  the  time  to  pay  the  check,  and,  except 
as  to  endorsements,  the  bank  assumes  liability  for  the  pay- 
ment. The  amount  of  the  check  ''certified"  is  immedi- 
ately charged  to  the  drawer's  account. 

Exchange  on  Checks — A  collection  charge  on  out-of- 
town  checks,  established  by  the  Clearing  House  Associa- 
tions. 

Signature — When  an  account  is  opened,  the  depositor's 
signature  is  filed  with  the  bank,  and  it  is  the  duty  of  the 
bank  to  take  every  precaution  against  a  forged  or  raised 
check  being  paid  from  the  depositor's  account.  In  some  in^ 
stances  the  bank  is  held  liable,  but  not  where  the  check  has 
been  carelessly  drawn,  as  the  example  of  *'An  improperly 
drawn  check"  hereinbefore  shown. 

Oveedraw  an  Account — To  draw  against  an  account 
with  a  bank  for  an  amount  larger  than  stands  to  the  credit 
of  the  drawer.  This  is  a  failing  accredited  by  bankers  to 
many  women.  It  is  related  that  one  woman  upon  being 
notified  by  the  bank  that  her  account  was  overdrawn, 
promptly  drew  another  check  to  cover  the  "overdraft." 

Active  Account — One  against  which  many  checks  are 
drawn  and  deposited. 

Deposit  Slip — A  slip  furnished  by  the  bank  to  be  filled 
out  and  turned  in  with  each  deposit,  a  check  being  made 
against  the  items  on  the  printed  slip  to  show  what  the  de- 
posit consists  of,  whether  Bills  and/or  Specie  (coins) 
and/or  Checks. 

See  Pass  Book. 


52 


DEPOSITED  BY 

SPENCER   SMITH 

— IN — 

g>tat?tntun  lank 

New  yor>6,Jan-  1st  ,  ;9;6 

B,«. (i01?I.- 

Dollars 

Cents 

1 

300 
125 

100 
350 
200 

00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

00 

"  First  State 
"First  Nat'l 
"  Corn  Nat'l 

' 

075 

Form  of  Deposit  Slip. 


FOR  DEPOSIT  ONLY  IN 
STATETOWN  BANK 

&  TRUST  CO. 

for  credit  of 

Martha  Williams 


FOR  DEPOSIT 

Martha  Williams 

May  1,  1916 


Endorsement  on  Checks 
FOR  Deposit. 


FOR  DEPOSIT  TO  THE 
CREDIT  OF 

John  Simpson 


Enik)ksements  ON  Checks  for  Deposit. 


53 


Clearing 


An  association  of  banks  and  trust  companies 
House  through  which  daily  exchange  of  notes  and 

Association,     checks  is  made.    Loans  are  also  made  to 

the  various  bank  members  of  the  association. 
There  are  about  200  clearing  houses  located  throughout 
the  United  States.  The  Clearing  House  Association  lo- 
cated in  New  York  City  was  established  in  1853. 


Closed 
Mortgage. 


See  Mortgage. 


Codes.  Civil — Statutes  or  system  of  laws  deter- 

mining the  civil  relations  of  citizens. 

Penal — Statutes  defining  crimes  and  regulating  the 
method  and  degree  of  punishment. 

Telegraphic — See  Cablegrams  and  Telegrams. 


Codicil. 


See  Wills, 


Coffee  Located  on  Pearl  Street,  New  York  City. 

Exchange.       Incorporated  in  1885.    Membership  about 
320.    Provides  a  daily  market  where  coffee 
may  be  bought  and  sold. 


Collateral.  Money  or  property  deposited  with  a  bank 
or  individual  at  the  time  of  obtaining  a 
loan  as  security  for  the  repayment  of  the  amount  bor- 
rowed. In  case  of  default,  such  collateral  security  can  be 
confiscated  immediately,  without  having  recourse  to  legal 
proceedings. 


54 
Coins. 


Foreign  value  of : 


Country 


Standard, 


Monetary  Unit. 


Value. 


Argentine  Republic 
Austria-Hungary . . 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Canada 

Costa  Rica 

Chile 

China 

Colombia 

Denmark 

Ecuador 

Egypt 

Finland 

France 

German  Empire. . . 

Great  Britain 

Greece 

Hayti 

India  (British) 

Italy 

Japan 

Liberia 


Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 

Silver 

Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold. 
Gold, 


Peso 

Crown 

Franc 

Boliviano 

Milreis 

DoUar 

Colon 

Peso 

{Shanghai . 
Haikwan.. 
(Customs) 

Dollar 

Crown 

Sucre 

Pound  (100  piastres) 

Mark 

Franc 

Mark 

Pound  SterHng 

Drachma 

Gourde 

Rupee 

Lira 

Yen 

Dollar 


D.  C.  M. 

0  96  5 
0  20  3 
0  19  3 
0  38  9 
0  54  6 
10  0 
0  46  5 
0  36  5 
0  69  2 
0  77  1 

10  0 
0  26  8 
0  48  7 
4  94  3 
0  19  3 
0  19  3 
0  23  8 
4  86  Q}4 
0  19  3 
0  96  5 
0  32  ^H 
0  19  3 

0  49  8 

1  0  0 


Commissary.   An  official  or  department  having  charge  of 
the  food  supply  or  the  dispensing  of  other 
necessities. 


Common  A  person  or  corporation  whose  business  it 

Carrier.  is  to  carry  goods  from  one  place  to  another 

for  the  public  generally.  Express  com- 
panies, steamship  and  railroad  companies,  and  others  en- 
gaged in  transportation  generally,  are  Common  Carriers. 

Company.        An  association  of  two  or  more  persons  im- 
der  a  firm  name  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
ducting a  business.    A  Joint  company  enjoys  some  of  the 


55 

privileges  of  a  corporation,  the  capital  being  divided  into 
shares.  A  Limited  company  is  one  wherein  the  liability  of 
the  partners  or  shareholders  is  limited  to  the  amount  of 
capital  they  have  put  in  or  shares  they  own.  See  also 
Corporation,  By-laws,  Bonds  and  Stocks. 

Compositor.     One  who  sets  type. 

Compound       See  Interest. 
Interest. 

Consignee.        The  person  to  whom  goods  are  directed. 

Consignor.       The  one  who  sends  the  goods  to  the  receiver 
or  consignee. 

Consolidated  Located  corner  Beaver  and  Broad  Streets, 
Exchange.  New  York  City.  Organized  in  1886.  Deals 
in  odd  lots,  that  is,  in  less  than  100  shares. 
Securities  listed  upon  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange  are 
largely  traded  in,  with  some  that  are  not  listed  on  the 
Stock  Exchange,  such  as  mining  stocks.  AVliile  the  rules 
of  the  Consolidated  Exchange  provide  for  the  dealing  in 
petroleum,  grain  and  other  products,  wheat  is  the  only  one 
actively  dealt  in,  and  this  in  quantities  less  than  permitted 
on  the  Produce  Exchange  (5,000  bushels).  Seats  on  the 
Consolidated  Exchange  command  about  $2,000. 

The  New  York  Stock  Exchange  has  a  rule  that  any 
communication  (with  the  Consolidated  Exchange)  by 
means  of  messenger,  or  clerks,  or  in  any  other  manner, 


56 

directly  or  indirectly  between  the  New  York  Stock  Ex- 
change Building,  or  any  part  thereof,  or  any  office  of  any 
member  of  said  New  York  Stock  Exchange  or  any  part 
thereof,  or  any  room,  place,  hallway  or  space  occupied  or 
controlled  by  said  Consolidated  Exchange,  or  any  office  of 
any  member  of  said  Consolidated  Stock  Exchange  *  *  * 
through  any  means,  apparatus,  device  or  contrivance  as 
above  mentioned,  is  detrimental  to  the  interest  and  welfare 
of  this  Exchange,  and  is  hereby  prohibited.  That  any 
member  of  this  Exchange  who  transacts  any  business  di- 
rectly or  indirectly  with  or  for  any  member  of  said  Con- 
solidated Stock  Exchange  who  is  engaged  in  business  upon 
said  Consolidated  Stock  Exchange,  shall,  on  conviction 
thereof,  be  deemed  to  have  committed  an  act  or  acts  detri- 
mental to  the  interest  and  welfare  of  this  Exchange. 

Consols.  Contraction     of    ''Consolidated    Funds." 

(British.) 

Contraband.     Goods  which  a  neutral  is  forbidden  to  fur- 
nish a  belligerent  country.    Anything  for- 
bidden. 

Contract.  A  formal  agreement  between  two  or  more 
parties,  with  a  specified  consideration,  un- 
der which  mutual  rights  or  obligations  are  established.  A 
contract  may  be  either  in  writing  or  verbal.  The  "Acts 
of  Providence  or  War"  ever  abrogate  a  contract.  See 
Agreement,  Sunday  Contracts  and  Business  Laws. 


57 

Form  of  Bi^nk  Contract. 

Articles  ot  agreement,    Betiveen 

of  the  firnt  part, 

and     

of  the  second  part, 

The  part of  the  first  part,  in  consideration  of 

covenunt. . . and    agree    to 

The  part of  the  second  part,  in  consideration  of 

covenant . . .  .mid   agree   to 

Hn  "OGlttneSS  Timbereof,i7<e  parties  hereunto  have  set  their  hands  and 

seals  the daij  of in  the  year  one  thousand 

nine  hundred  and 

SealeD  anO  Delivered  in  tbe  presence  of 

Conveyance.    A  deed  which  passes  or  conveys  land  or 
property  from  one  person  to  another. 

Copy.  Manuscript  which  is  to  be  set  up  in  type. 

Copjnright.  Claim  filed  by  an  author  or  artist  in  the 
Copyright  Office  at  Washington,  D.  C,  of 
his  exclusive  right  to  publish  or  distribute  his  work  for  a 
period  of  twenty-eight  years.  To  secure  copyright  regis- 
tration under  the  Act  of  March  4,  1909,  as  amended,  the 
following  steps  are  necessary. 

Ascertain  to  which  of  the  following  classifications  the 
work  belongs  and  write  to  the  Register  of  Copyrights  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  for  the  form  of  application  covering  it, 
designating  the  number. 


58 

Form   No.  of 
Class  AppUcatloa 

(a)   Books,  including  composite  encyclopaedic  works, 
directories,  gazetteers,  and  other  compilations. 
Reproduced  in  copies  for  sale A  1 

(b)  Periodicals,  new-spapers. 

Single  issue  B  1 

(c)  Lectures,  sermons,  addresses,  prepared  for  oral 

delivery    C 

(d)  Dramatic  or  dramatico-musical  compositions. 

Published  dramatic  composition  for  sale. . . .      D  1 
Dramatic  compositions,  copies  not  reproduced 

for  sale  D  2 

Published  dramatico-musical  composition..,      D  3 

(e)  Musical  compositions. 

Published  lor  the  first  time E 

Republished  with  new  copyright El 

Copies  not  reproduced  for  sale E  2 

(f)  Maps    F 

(g)  Works  of  art ;  models  or  designs  for  works  of  art  G 

(h)  Reproductions  of  a  work  of  art H 

(i  )  Drawings   or  plastic  works  of  a  scientific  or 

technical  character. 

Reproduced  in  copies  for  sale II 

Not  reproduced  in  copies  for  sale 12 

(j  )  Photographs. 

Reproduced  in  copies  for  sale J  1 

Not  reproduced  in  copies  for  sale J  2 

(k)   Prints  and  pictoral  illustrations K 

(1  )  Motion-picture  photoplays. 

Reproduced  in  copies  for  sale LI 

Not  reproduced  in  copies  for  sale L  2 

(m)  Motion-pictures  other  than  photoplays. 

Reproduced  in  copies  for  sale Ml 

Not  reproduced  in  copies  for  sale M  2 

For  Works  Reproduced  in  Copies  for  Sale. 

1.  Publish  the  work  with  copyright  notice.  The  notice 
should  read:  ''Copyright^  19 (year  date  of  publica- 
tion) by (name  of  copyright  proprietor)." 

The  date  in  the  copyright  notice  should  agree  with  the  year 
date  of  publication. 


59 

2.  Promptly  after  publication*  send  to  the  Copyright 
Office  two  copies  of  the  best  edition  of  the  work,  with  an 
application  for  registration  and  a  money  order  payable  to 
the  Register  of  Copyrights  for  the  statutory  registration 
fee  of  one  dollar.  As  to  special  fee  for  registration  of 
photographs,  see  Works  Not  Reproduced  in  Copies  for 
Sale. 

In  the  case  of  books  the  copies  deposited  must  be  accom- 
panied by  an  affidavit^  under  the  official  seal  of  an  officer 
authorized  to  administer  oaths,  stating  that  the  typeset- 
ting, printing  and  binding  of  the  book  have  been  performed 
within  the  United  States.  Affidavit  and  application  forms 
will  be  supplied  by  the  Copyright  Office  upon  request. 

This  affidavit  is  not  required  in  the  case  of  a  book  of 
foreign  origin  in  a  language  or  languages  other  than 
English,  nor  in  the  case  of  a  printed  play  in  any  language, 
as  such  works  are  not  required  to  be  manufactured  in  the 
United  States. 

In  the  case  of  contributions  to  periodicals  send  one  com- 
plete copy  of  the  periodical  containing  the  contribution 
with  application  and  fee.    No  affidavit  is  required. 

Only  one  copy  is  required  to  be  deposited  in  the  case 
of  a  work  by  an  author  who  is  a  citizen  or  subject  of  a 
foreign  state  or  nation  and  which  Eas  been  published  in  a 
foreign  country. 


*  Section  62  of  the  Copyright  Law  defines  "the  date  of  publication"  as  "the 
earliest  date  when  copies  of  the  first  authorized  edition  were  placed  on  sale, 
sold,  or  publicly  distributed  by  the  proprietor  of  the  copyright  or  under  his  au- 
thority.'' 


60 

For  Works  Not  Reproduced  in-  Copies  for  Sale. 

Copyright  may  also  be  had  of  certain  classes  of  works 
(see  a,  b,  c,  etc.,  below)  of  which  copies  are  not  reproduced 
for  sale,  by  filing  in  the  Copyright  Office  an  application  for 
registration,  with  the  statutory  fee  of  one  dollar,  sending 
therewith : 

(a)  In  the  case  of  lectures  or  other  oral  addresses,  or 
of  dramatic  or  musical  compositions,  one  complete  manu- 
script or  typewritten  copy  of  the  work. 

(b)  In  the  case  of  photographs  not  intended  for  gen- 
eral circulation,  one  photographic  print.  As  to  special  fee 
see  below. 

(c)  In  the  case  of  works  of  art  (paintings,  drawing, 
sculpture)  or  of  drawings  or  plastic  works  of  a  scientific 
or  technical  character,  one  photograph  or  other  identifying 
reproduction  of  the  work. 

(d)  In  the  case  of  motion-picture  photoplays,  a  title 
and  description,  with  one  print  taken  from  each  scene  or 
act. 

(e)  In  the  case  of  motion-pictures  other  than  photo- 
plays, a  title  and  description,  with  not  less  than  two  prints 
taken  from  different  sections  of  a  complete  motion-picture. 

In  the  case  or  the  works  here  noted,  not  reproduced 
IN  copies  for  sale,  the  law  expressly  requires  that  a 
second  deposit  of  printed  copies  for  registration  and 
the  payment  of  a  second  fee  must  be  made  upon  publi- 
cation. 

The  statutory  fee  for  registration  of  any  work,  except  a 
photograph,  is  one  dollar,  including  a  certificate  of  regis- 


61 

tration  iinder  seal.  In  the  case  of  a  photograph,  if  a 
certificate  is  not  demanded  the  fee  is  fifty  cents.  In  the 
case  of  several  volumes  of  the  same  book  dejDOsited  at  the 
same  time,  only  one  registration  at  one  fee  is  required. 

Checks  will  not  be  accepted  for  pajnuent  of  copyright 
fees.  Remittances  should  be  made  by  money  order  or  bank 
draft. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  ''Act  to  Increase  the  In- 
ternal Revenue"  approved  October  22,  1914,  a  ten-cent 
documentary  revenue  stamp  will  be  required  to  be  attached 
to  each  certificate  issued  by  the  Copyright  Office.  The 
stamp  should  be  forwarded  at  the  time  of  application  for 
registration  of  copyright,  pinned  to  a  card  of  the  follow- 
ing form,  which  will  be  furnished  upon  request. 


The  ten-cent  revenue  stamp  pinned  to  this  card  is  to  be 
used  on  the  certificate  of  copyright  to  be  issued  to: 

Write  here  the  name  of  the 
claimant  (OWNER)  of  copyright , 


Write  here  the  address  to 
which  certificate  is  to  be  sent- 


PIN  HERE 

lO-cent  revenue 
stamp  or  envelope 
containing    neces- 
sary stamps 


SEND  TO  REGISTER  OF  COPYRIGHTS,  LIBRARY  OF  CONGRESS, 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


OfiBce  notation:  Attached  to  certificate  Class —  No. 


Following  is  the  form  of  an  Application  and  Affidavit 
furnished  by  the  Copyright  Office  upon  request : 


62 


HAliDFACTORED  IB  THE  DNITED  STATES 

Date  (1) 


nU  ool  each  numbered  space 

IPPLICATIOH  FOR  COPIRIGHT— BOOK 

B2GISTES  OF  COPYBIGHTS.  Washlnjlon.  D.  C. 

Ot  the  BOOK  named  herein  TWO  complete  copies  of  the  best  edition  flrst  publiahed  on  the 
date  stated  herein  are  herewith  deposited  to  secure  copyright  registration,  accompanied  by  th* 
APFISAVIT  required  by  section  16  of  the  Act  of  Maxch  4,  1908,  that  the  book  has  bean  produced 
In  accordance  with  the  manufacturing  provisions  specified  in  section  16  of  the  said  Act.  91 
(statutory  fee  for  registration  and  certifLcata)  is  also  inclosed.    The  copyiig^ht  is  claimed  by 

Name  and  address  of 

copyright  claimant:  (2) . — . ________i__ 

*^'    "  *  '    (Wttti  BUM  la  (nllj 


(SUMt) 

Name  of  author,  but  if  a 
translation,  then  Translator  (3) . 


Tcisr 


(SUU) 


Country  of  which  the  author  or  translator  is  a  ciiicen  or  »ul>J«ct  (i\^ 

An  alien  author  domiciled  in  the  United 

States  must  name  the  place  of  domicile  (S) 

Title  of  book  (6) — _ 


.(UuBtbestatedj' 


.  Price  9_ 


LwT(  en  r^Mit  vttfeta  Ibest  iesKt  Hum  Mink 

Al 

1  &  mfi 

Aypimnon 
net _ 

AO<i*TU 

IBfV                                                .        .. 

XXt. . 

PeftTHM* 

Exact  date  of  first 
publication  {'i  )_. 


Send  certificate  of 

regis tiaticn  to  (S)_ 


[State  hers  the  day,  month,  tmd  year  when  the 

woiii;  was  placed  on  sale,  uold,  0£  publicly  distribu«sdl 


(btsU) 


Name  and  address  of  person 
sending  the  fee:  (9) — 


(Please  torn  this  over] 


Application  for  Copyright-Book. 

If  a  person  wishes  to  deposit  a  sum  of  money  to  consti- 
tute a  fund  to  be  drawn  on  for  successive  registrations,  he 
may  do  so. 

A  copyright  may  be  assigned,  and  the  assignment  re- 
corded within  three  months  thereafter  in  the  Copyright 
Office  at  Washington,  D.  C,  for  a  fee  of  one  dollar. 
After  an  assignment  has  been  recorded  in  the  Copyright 
Office  the  assignee  may  substitute  his  name  for  that  of  the 


63 


APITDAVrr  (WHICH  MTJST  BE  MADE  BY  All 

TEB  PUBLICATION)  OF  AMEKICAN 

FQl  Id  th9  required  ■taument^  to  arcord  wUb  tb«  tacts 

ujcli  statetuentA  as  art  uot 


INDIVIDnAl.,  HOT  A  COBPORATION,  A»-  Ij 
MANTTFACTUBB  OF  COPTBIGHT  BOOK. 

coo«emtcMr  tiie  boolc  nimwl,  and  4jnw  pan  Uiraack 

InccEuled  to  be  nud* 


Comity  of- 


fbeing  duly  Bwom,  depoaal  ^ 
(do  Bolamnly  amrm  /  ^^     ' 


fl)  That  1  am  the  person  claiming  copyright  In  the  book  named  herein. 

(2)  That  I  am  the  duly  authorized  agent  or  representative  residing  in  the  TTnlted  8tat«s 
of  the  claimant  of  copyright  in  the  book  named  herein. 

(3)  That  I  am  the  printer  of  the  book  named  heroin. 

I  further  depose  and  eay  that,  aa  required  by  the  Act  of  March  4,  1009,  the  iMok  entitled 


of  which  two  copies  have  been  deposited,  bas  been  prints!  by 


(ir*aw  ef  ««t«MntWMt) 


from|*yP® 


places  made  in  the  TT.  S.  from  type; 


(Cltr)  (BUM) 

set  'within  the  limits  of  the  TTnlted  States  by 


(CIt/)  (Bute) 

that  the  said  book  was  publlsbcd  on 


(V&ae  of  eitabUiIuneat) 

that  the  prlating  of  the  text  of 
;  the  said  book  was  completed  on_ 


-,  ie_ 


that  ^e  binding  of  the  said  book  has  been  performed  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States 

by at ^ 

(Haa*  of  atttblUkBaat^  (Clt7)  (StaUj 


(Slcaatu*  of  panoB  ■'■""f  aJ&dattt) 


Subscribed  andj^^^ed*}''®'"''®  ™*  **^- 


-day  of- 


-,  10- 


NOTICE» 

U  tbe  date  of  pabUcatton  Is  stated  In  the  affidavit, 
then  the  ezecutioD  of  this  affidavit  UTTST  BE  SUB- 
SEQUENT to  the  publication  ol  tbe  book. 

The  notary  Is  requested  to  see  that  this  blank  Is 
pruperlj  filled  and  that  there  are  no  variances  or 
•enous  delects.     PLEASE  PLACE  SEAL  AT  TOP. 


(Siraatore  e<  Moutr  Pabllo) 


[Please  tun  this  over] 


Affidavit  on  Back  of  Application". 


assignor  in  the  statutory  notice  of  copyright  in  the  work 
assigned,  provided  the  transfer  of  proprietorship,  as  well 
as  the  assignment  of  copyright,  is  recorded  at  "Washing- 
ton.   An  additional  fee  of  ten  cents  is  charged  for  this. 

A  copyright  may  be  renewed  within  one  year  before  the 
expiration  of  the  original  twenty-eight  year  period  for 
another  twenty-eight  years. 


64 

EXTRACT  FROM  THE    ACT   OF   MARCH   4,    1909,    RE- 
SPECTING   THE    COPYRIGHT    NOTICE. 

The  notice  of  copyright  required  by  Section  Nine  of  this 
Act  shall  consist  of  the  word  "Copyright"  or  the  abbrevia- 
tion "Copr.",  accompanied  by  the  name  of  the  copyright  pro- 
prietor, and  if  the  work  be  a  printed,  literary,  musical  or 
dramatic  work,  the  notice  shall  include  also  the  year  in 
which  the  copyright  was  secured  by  publication.  In  case, 
however,  of  copies  of  works  specified  in  sub-sections  (f)  to 
(k)*  inclusive  of  Section  Five  of  this  Act,  the  notice  may 
consist  of  the  letter  C  inclosed  within  a  circle,  thus  @> 
accompanied  by  the  initials,  monogram,  mark  or  symbol  of 
the  copyright  proprietor :  provided,  that  on  some  accessible 
portion  of  such  copies  or  of  the  margin,  back,  permanent 
base  or  pedestal,  or  of  the  substance  on  which  such  copies 
shall  be  mounted,  his  name  shall  appear.  But  in  the  case 
of  works  in  which  copyright  is  subsisting  when  this  Act  shall 
go  into  effect,  the  notice  of  copyright  may  be  either  in  one 
of  the  forms  prescribed  herein  or  in  one  of  those  prescribed 
by  the  Act  of  June  18,  1874. 

The  notice  of  Copyright  shall  be  applied  in  the  case  of  a 
book  or  other  printed  publication  upon  its  title  page  or  the 
page  immediately  following  (the  back  of  the  title  page),  or 
if  a  periodical  either  upon  the  title  page  or  upon  the  first 
page  of  text  of  each  separate  number  or  under  the  title 
heading,  or  if  a  musical  work  either  upon  its  title  page  or  the 
first  page  of  music;  provided,  that  one  notice  of  copyright 
In  each  volume  or  in  each  number  of  a  newspaper  or  period- 
ical published  shall  suffice. 

Corner.  A  stock  is  said  to  be  cornered  when  a  cer- 

tain clique  get  possession  of  the  majority 
shares  of  a  particular  company  and  by  manipulation  force 
the  prices  above  normal. 


•The  following  are  the  classes  of  works  "specified  in  sub-sections   (f)   to 
(k)  :•• 

(f)  Maps; 

(g)  Works  of  art ;  models  or  desigtis  for  works  of  art ; 
(h)      Reproductions  of  a  work  of  art; 

(1)     Drawings  or  plastic  works  of  a  scientific  or  technical  cbaracter; 

(J )      Photographs ; 

(k)     Prints  and  pictorial  illustrations. 


fc  -^ 


65 

Corporation.  A  permanent  organization,  with  tlie  privi- 
lege in  some  states  of  perpetual  succession*, 
endowed  with  the  right  to  conduct  business  as  an  individ- 
ual. See  also  By-laws,  Charter,  Company  and  Stock- 
holders. 

Cotton  Located  in  Hanover  Square,  New  York.  In- 

Exchange,  corporated  in  1871.  Membership  limited  to 
450.  Through  it  is  financed  and  distributed 
about  four-fifths  of  the  cotton  crop  of  this  country.  Trad- 
ers from  all  parts  of  the  world  buy  and  sell  on  this  ex- 
change. 

Coupon.  One  of  a  series  of  small  certificates  attached 

to  a  bond,  representing  the  interest  due 
quarterly,  semi-annually  or  annually,  at  a  fixed  rate.  When 
the  interest  is  due,  the  coupon  is  cut  from  the  bond  and 
presented  to  the  bank,  banker,  broker  or  trust  company 
where  payment  is  to  be  made,  or  it  may  be  deposited  in  a 
bank  the  same  as  a  check  or  cash. 


No.  lOOO  $25.  OO 

Upon  the  first  day  of  May,  1916,  the  CALCUTTA 
TIMBER  COMPANY  will  pay  to  bearer  at  its  office  or 
agency  in  the  City  of  New  York,  Twenty-five  Dollars, 
($25.00)  gold  coin  of  the  United  States  of  America,  being 
six  months  interest  then  due  on  its  first  mortgage  five  per 
cent,  gold  bond  No.  1000,  unless  said  bond  shall  have  been 
previously  paid  before  maturity  as  provided  therein. 


Treasurer. 


Form  of  Coupon. 


*  In  New  York  State,  the  following  constitutional  amendment  to  end  the 
granting  of  perpetual  franchise  to  public  service  corporations  is  before  the 
Legislature  :  "Neither  the  Legislature,  nor  any  municipality  or  corporation  shall 
grant  any  franchise  in  perpetuity.  Franchises  for  fixed  or  for  indeterminate 
periods  may  be  granted  on  conditions  that  shall  permit  the  grantor  to  resume 
control  thereof  upon  terms  to  be  embodied  in  the  original  grant.  Upon  such 
resumption  of  control  of  any  franchise,  compensation  shall  not  be  granted  for 
the  franchise,  but  only  for  the  actual  cost,  less  depreciation,  of  the  physical 
property  devoted  to  the  operation  of  such  franchise." 


66 

Covenant.        A  modifying  or  qualifying  agreement  con- 
tained within  another  agreement  or  deed. 
A  separate  agreement  in  any  instrument  under  seal. 

Creditor.  One  to  whom  a  debt  is  due. 

Curb  Market.  The  Hughes  Commission,  appointed  to  in- 
vestigate the  New  York  Stock  Exchange, 
included  in  its  report,  dated  June  7,  1909,  the  following 
with  reference  to  the  Curb  Market : 

"There  is  an  unorganized  stock-market  held  in  the  open 
air  during  exchange  hours.  It  occupies  a  section  of  Broad 
Street.  An  enclosure  in  the  center  of  the  roadway  is  made 
by  means  of  a  rope,  within  which  the  traders  are  supposed 
to  confine  themselves,  leaving  space  on  either  side  for  the 
passage  of  street  traffic;  but  during  days  of  active  trading 
the  crowd  often  extends  from  curb  to  curb.  There  are  about 
200  subscribers,  of  whom  probably  150  appear  on  the  curb 
each  day,  and  the  machinery  of  the  operations  requires 
the  presence  of  as  many  messenger  boys  and  clerks.    *    *    * 

This  open-air  market,  we  understand,  is  dependent  for  the 
great  bulk  of  its  business  upon  members  of  the  Stock  Ex- 
change, approximately  85%  of  the  orders  executed  on  the 
curb  coming  from  Stock  Exchange  houses.  The  Exchange 
itself  keeps  the  curb  market  in  the  street,  since  it  forbids 
its  own  members  engaging  in  any  transactions  in  any  other 
security  exchange  in  New  York.  If  the  curb  were  put  under 
a  roof  and  organized,  this  trading  could  not  be  maintained. 

The  curb  market  has  existed  for  upwards  of  thirty  years, 
but  only  since  the  great  development  of  trading  in  securities 
began,  about  the  year  1897,  has  it  become  really  important. 
It  affords  a  public  market  place  where  all  persons  can  buy 
and  sell  securities  which  are  not  listed  on  any  organized 
exchange    *    *    *." 

Subsequently,  in  1910,  the  New  York  Curb  Market  As- 
sociation was  formed  with  a  membership  of  250 ;  annual 
dues  $100. 


e: 

Stocks  of  many  of  the  large  corporations  whose  secur- 
ities are  not  listed  on  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange,  such 
as  the  Standard  Oil  Co.,  are  dealt  in  on  the  Curb,  as  well 
as  stocks  that  have  been  issued  but  not  yet  listed  on  the 
Stock  Exchange. 

Customs  Customs  (always  plural) — Tariffs  or  duties 

and  Duties,  levied  on  exports  and  imports.  Under  the 
United  States  Customs  Laws  and  Regula- 
tions, a  resident  of  the  United  States  returning  thereto 
is  entitled  to  bring  with  him  Free  of  Duty  personal  ef- 
fects taken  abroad  by  him  as  baggage  Provided  they  have 
not  been  remodeled  or  improved  abroad  so  as  to  increase 
their  value,  and  in  addition  thereto  articles  of  wearing 
apparel  or  adornments  of  the  person,  purchased  or  other- 
wise obtained  abroad  of  a  total  value  Not  Exceeding  $100, 
provided  they  are  properly  declared,  not  for  sale  nor  in- 
tended for  other  persons. 

Days  of  The  extra  time   (usually  three  days)   al- 

Grace.  lowed  after  a  note  or  bill  becomes  due  be- 

fore payment  is  demanded. 

Dead  Money  paid  to  the  owners  of  a  vessel  for 

Freight.  space  that  was  booked  for  cargo  but  not 

Med. 

Debenture.       A  bond   or  written   acknowledgment  of  a 
debt.    A  promise  to  pay. 


68 


Interest  Laws  and  Statutes  of  Limitation. 


Interest  Laws 

Statutes  of 
Limitations 

States  and 

Interest  Laws 

Statutes  of 
Limitations 

States  and 

Rate 

Open 

Rate 

Judg- 
ments 
Years 

Open 

Territories 

Legal 
Rate 

Allowed 
by 

Contract 

Judg- 
ments 
Years 

Notes 
Years 

Ac- 
counts 
Years 

Territories 

Legal 
Rate 

Allowed 

by 
Contract 

Notes 
Years 

Ac- 
countl 
Years 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

cent. 

Alabama 

8 

8 

20 

6 

3 

Montana .... 

8 

.\ny  rate 

m'j) 

8 

5 

Alaska 

8 

12 

10 

6 

1 

Nebraska.  . . . 

7 

10 

m 

5 

4 

Arkansas 

6 

10 

10 

5 

3 

Nevada 

7 

.\ny  rate 

6 

4 

4 

Arizona 

6 

Any  rate 

5 

4 

3 

N.  Hampshire 

6 

6 

20 

6 

6 

California 

7 

Any  rate 

5 

4 

4 

New  Jersey. . . 

6 

G 

20 

G 

6 

Colorado 

8 

Any  rate 

20 

6 

6 

New  Mexico . 

G 

12 

7 

« 

4 

Connecticut... . 

6 

Any  rate 

(0) 

(e) 

6 

New  York 

G 

6tt 

20{?i) 

G 

«§§ 

Delaware 

C 

6 

10 

611 

3 

N.    Carolina. 

6 

6 

10 

3* 

3 

D.  of  Columbia 

6 

10 

12 

3 

3 

North  Dakota 

7 

12 

10(nO 

6 

6§§ 

Florida 

Georgia 

8 

10 

20 

5|| 
611 

2 

Ohio 

0 

8 

15(p) 

1'. 

6 

7 

8 

7 

4 

Oklahoma. . . . 

6 

10 

5(A) 

5 

3 

Hawaii 

8 

12 

20(n) 

6 

6 

Oregon 

6 

10 

10 

0 

6 

7 
5 

12 

7 

6 
20 

5 
10 

4 

5 

Pennsylvania 
Porto  Rico. . . 

6 
6 

6 
12 

5(f) 
(?■ 

Oil 
(7) 

6 

Illinois 

('/) 

Indiana 

6 

8 

20 

10 

6 

Rhode  Island. 

6§ 

Any  rate 

20 

G 

6 

6 
6 

8 
10 

20(d) 
5 

10 
5 

5 
3 

So.    Carolina. 
South  Dakota 

7 
7 

8 
12 

10 

10(0 

G 
6 

6 

Kansas 

6 

Kentucky 

6 

6 

15 

15 

5(a) 

Tennessee 

6 

6 

10 

G 

6 

Louisiana 

5 

8 

10 

5 

3 

Texas 

6 

10 

10» 

4 

2 

6 
6 

Any  rate 
6 

20 
12 

6(c) 
3 

3 

Utah 

Vermont 

8 
6 

12 
6 

8 
8 

6 
6 

4 

Maryland 

o§§ 

Massachusetts 

6 

Any  rate 

20 

6 

6 

Virginia 

*; 

G 

20 

5* 

n 

Michigan 

5 

7 

10 

0 

0 

Washington . . 

c 

12 

6 

G 

3 

Minnesota 

0 

10 

10 

6 

0 

West  Virginia 

c 

6 

10 

10 

5 

Mississippi 

C 

10 

7 

G 

3 

Wisconsin. . . . 

G 

10 

20(n) 

6 

6 

Missouri 

6 

8 

10 

10 

5 

Wyoming.  .  . 

8 

12 

21 

5 

8 

*  Under  seal,  10  years.  §  Unless  a  different  rate  is  expressly  stipulated.  |1  Under  aeal, 
20  years.  1|  Store  accounts;  other  accounts  3  years;  accounts  between  merchants  5  years, 
ft  New  York  has  by  a  recent  law  legalized  any  rate  of  interest  on  call  loans  of  $5,000  or  up- 
ward, on  collateral  .security.  tt  Becomes  dormant,  but  may  be  revived.  §§  Six  years  from 
last  item.  (a)  Accounts  between  merchants  2  years.  (b)  In  courts  not  of  record  5  years, 
(c)  Witnessed  20  years.  (d)  Twenty  years  in  Courts  of  Record;  in  Justice's  Court  10  years, 
(e)  Negotiable  notes  6  years,  non-negotiable  17  years.  (/)  Ceases  to  be  a  lien  after  that  period, 
unless  revived.  (h)  On  foreign  judgments  1  year.  (Z)  Ten  years  foreign,  20  years  domestic, 
(m)  Subject  to  renewal.  (n)  Not  of  record  6  years,  (o)  No  limit.  (p)  Foreign.  Domestic 
6  years,      (g)  Varies  from  3  to  30  years. 

Penalties  for  Usury  differ  in  the  various  states.  California,  Colorado,  Maine,  Massachu- 
setts (except  on  loans  of  less  than  $1,000),  Montana  and  Nevada  have  no  provisions  on  the 
subject.  _  Loss  of  principal  and  interest  is  the  penalty  in  Arkansas  and  New  York.  Loss  of 
principal  in  Delaware  and  Oregon. 

Loss  of  interest  in  Alabama,  Alaska,  Arizona,  District  of  Columbia,  Florida,  Idaho,  Illi- 
nois, Iowa,  Louisiana,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Mississippi,  Nebraska,  New  Jersey,  North 
Carolina  (double  amount  if  paid).  North  Dakota  (double  amount  if  paid),  Oklahoma,  Porto 
Rico,  South  Carolina,  South  Dakota,  Texas,  Virginia,  Washington  (double  amount  if  paid), 
Wisconsin,  Hawaii,  and  Wyoming. 

Lo.ss  of  excess  of  interest  in  Connecticut,  Georgia,  Indiana,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Maryland, 
Missouri,  New  Hampshire  (three  times).  New  Mexico,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Tennessee, Vermont, 
and  West  Virginia.     Loss  of  principal  and  interest  in  Rhode  Island,  also  fine  or  imprisonment. 

—  World  Almanac. 


69 

Debts.  Each  state  has  interest  laws  or  ''statutes 

of  limitation ' '  within  which  stated  time  an 

action  must  be  brought  to  collect  debts  and  claims.    After 

this  limit  has  expired,  the  debts  are  said  to  be  ' '  outlawed. ' ' 

A  judgment  is  usually  good  for  twenty  years. 

Contracts  under  seal  are  good  for  a  longer  period  than 
those  not  under  seal. 

In  the  majority  of  states,  promissory  notes  are  outlawed 
in  six  years,  but  in  some  states  when  under  seal  they  are 
good  for  twenty  years. 

Deed.  A  written  instrument  or  conveyance,  under 

seal,  transferring  title  to  real  property. 
The  seller  is  called  the  "grantor"  and  the  buyer  the 
** grantee."  Before  the  execution  of  a  deed,  a  contract  of 
sale  is  usually  entered  into  and  the  purchaser  has  the  title 
to  the  property  ** searched"  (see  Abstract  of  Title)  to 
ascertain  whether  the  seller  has  actual  title  to  the  land  and 
that  there  are  no  mortgages,  liens  or  encumbrances  against 
it.  A  deed  should  contain  the  names  of  the  purchaser  and 
seller  (grantee  and  grantor),  the  date  the  deed  is  executed 
and  a  consideration.  Frequently  ''One  Dollar"  is  given 
as  the  '* consideration"  when  it  is  not  desired  that  the 
actual  amount  paid  shall  be  known.  A  deed  made  by  an 
infant  under  twenty-one  years  of  age  or  an  insane  person 
is  not  valid,  nor  is  a  deed  obtained  by  fraud  or  force. 

Deed  with  Full  Covenants  (New  York  Foem) 


CblS  IFnDcntUre,  made  the  daij  of 

m  the  year  nineteen  hundred^  and   


70 

JBetWCCn    of  the  first 

part  and  of  the  second 

part. 

TRUltncSSCtb   that  the  said  part of  the  first  part,  in,  consideration 

of   Dollars,  lawful  money  of  the  United  States, 

paid  hy  the  part. . .  .of  the  second  part,  do. . .  .hereby  grant,  and  release 
unto  the  said  part.... of  the  second  part ...  .heirs  and  assigns  forever, 

(here  insert  description  of  property) 

XLOQCtbCV  icith  the  appurtenances  and  all  the  estate  and  rights  of 
the  part of  the  first  part  in  and  to  said  premises. 

UO  bave  anD  to  bOlD  the  above  granted  premises  unto  the  said  part. . . 
of  the  second  part....  heirs  and  assigns  forever. 

HnD  the  said  part of  the 

first  part   do. .  .covenant  with  the  said  part of  the  second  part   as 

follows : 

First  —  That the  part . . . 

of  the  first  part. .  .seized  of  the  said  premises  in  fee  simple  and  ha... 
good  right  to  convey  the  same. 

Second  —  Tlint  the  part.... of  the  second  part  shall  quietly  enjoy  the 
said  premises. 

Third  —  That  the  said  premises  are  free  from  incumbrances. 

Fourth  —  That the  part of  the 

first  part  will  execute  or  procure  any  further  necessary  assurances  of 
the  title  to  said  premises. 

Fifth  —  That the  part of 

the  first  part  will  forever  warrant  the  title  to  said  pi-emises. 

fln  witness  Wbercot    the  said  part of  the  first  part  ha here- 

v/nto  set hand. .  and  seal. .  .the  day  and  year  first  above 

written. 


fn  presence  of  (Signature  of  grantor). 

(Witnesses) 

Warranty  Deed — The  grantor  in  a  Warranty  Deed 
guarantees  to  the  grantee  that  the  title  is  absolutely  free 
and  clear,  and  should  it  prove  otherwise  the  grantee  can 
recover  any  loss  from  the  grantor. 


71 

Quit  Claim  Deed — Merely  a  transfer  of  the  right,  title 
and  interest  in  a  property  without  responsibilitj^  for  de- 
fects in  the  title. 

Trust  Deed — Conveyance  of  title  in  a  property  to  some 
person  or  company  to  be  held  in  trust  for  others.  The  duty 
of  the  Trustee  is  to  see  that  the  provisions  of  the  trust 
deed  are  carried  out. 

After  a  deed  has  been  properly  executed,  it  should  be 
recorded  in  the  office  of  the  proper  official  (County  Clerk, 
Register  of  Deeds).    See  Release  and  Release  of  Dower. 

Demurrage.     The  compensation   or  allowance  made  for 
the  delay  of  a  vessel  by  the  freighter  be- 
yond the  time  agreed  upon.    Also  refers  to  delay  to  freight 
trains. 

Demurrer.       A  pleading  in  law  denying  that  a  real  or  valid 
cause  of  action  exists. 

Deponent.        One  who  makes  an  affidavit. 

Deposition.  The  written  testimony  of  a  witness,  who  is 
located  in  a  city  or  town  distant  from  the 
one  in  which  the  case  is  to  be  tried,  sworn  to  before  a 
Notary  Public  or  other  duly  commissioned  officer,  and  used 
at  the  trial  which  he  is  unable  or  unwilling  to  attend. 

Deposit.  See  Checks. 

Depreciation.  (Railroad  term.)    Wear  and  tear  of  railroad 
equipment,  buildings,    machinery,    etc.     A 
diminished  value. 


72 

Difference  in  Standard  Time  (From  a  statement  pre- 
Time.  pared  by  the  United  States  Naval  Observa- 

tory, Washington,  D.  C.)  The  United 
States  adopted  standard  time  in  1883,  on  the  initiative  of 
the  American  Railway  Association,  according  to  which  the 
meridians  of  75°,  90°,  105°  and  120°  west  from  Green- 
wich became  the  time  meridians  of  Eastern,  Central, 
Mountain  and  Pacific  standard  time  respectively. 

Theoretically,  the  divisions  should  be  half  way  between 
the  above  meridians,  but  for  general  convenience  (and 
from  the  necessities  of  operation)  the  railroads  change 
their  time  at  the  ends  of  railroad  divisions,  so  that  Eastern 
standard  time  is  used  from  the  Atlantic  Coast  to  an  irregu- 
lar line  through  Buffalo,  Salamanca,  Pittsburgh,  Wheel- 
ing, W.  Va. ;  Holloway,  0. ;  Huntington,  W.  Va. ;  Bristol, 
Tenn. ;  Norton,  Va.;  Asheville,  N.  C. ;  Atlanta,  Augusta, 
Ga.;  Columbia,  S.  C. ;  Central  Junction,  Ga.  Some  of 
these  cities  use  Eastern  and  some  Central  time,  while  the 
railroads  use  one  time  in  one  direction  and  the  other  time 
in  the  other  direction. 

The  same  applies  to  the  cities  on  the  dividing  lines  be- 
tween the  Central  and  Mountain  Divisions,  the  line  run- 
ning through  Bismarck,  N.  D. ;  South  Dakota,  Nebraska, 
Colorado,  Kansas,  New  Mexico  and  Texas  to  El  Paso ;  also 
to  the  cities  on  the  dividing  line  between  the  Mountain  and 
Pacific  division,  the  line  ranning  through  Montana,  Idaho, 
Oregon,  Utah,  Nevada  and  Arizona. 

Almost  all  countries  throughout  the  world  use  standard 
time  based  on  the  meridians  15°  apart  from  Greenwich, 
while  some  use  standard  time  based  on  the  longitude  of 
their  national  observatories.— (T7or?(f  Almanac.) 


73 


ALIGNMENT  OF  STATES  IN  STANDARD  TIME  SECTIONS  ALONG 
THE  BORDERS  OF  THE  SECTIONS. 


Eastern  Time. 
Pennsylvania.* 
West  Virginia.* 
Virginia. 
Nortti  Carolina. 
South   Carolina. 

Central  Time. 
North  Dakota  (Eastern  part). 
South  Dakota  (Eastern part). 
Nebraska  ( Eastern  part) . 
Kansas. 
Oklahoma. 
Texas. 
Michigan.* 
Ohio.* 
Kentucky. 
Tennessee. 
Georgia. 
Florida* 


Mountain  Time. 
North  Dakota  (Western part). 
South  Dakota  (Western  part). 
Nebraska  (Western  part). 
Colorado. 
New  Mexico. 
Montana. 
Idaho. 
Utah. 
Arizona. 

Pacific  Time. 
Washington. 
Oregon. 
Nevada. 
California. 


STANDARD  TIME  USED  IN  THE  PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES. 


Eastern 
Time 
Augusta,   Ga. 
Baltimore,  Md. 
Bangor,  Me. 
Boston,  Mass. 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Charleston,  S.  C. 
Columbia,  S.  C. 
New  London,  Ct. 
New  York,  N.  Y. 
Norfolk,  Va. 
Oswego,  N.  Y. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Portland,  Me. 
Providence,  R.  I. 
Richmond,  Va. 
Washington,  D.  C 
Wilmington,  N.  C. 


Central 
Time 
Atlanta,  Ga. 
Chicago,  111. 
Cincinnati,  O. 
Columbus,  O. 
Des  Moines,  la. 
Galveston,  Tex. 
Hannibal,  Mo. 
Houston,  Tex. 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Jefferson  City,  Mo, 
Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Knoxville,  Tenn. 
Louisville,  Ky. 
Lincoln,  Nebr. 
Little  Rock,  Ark. 
Macon,  Ga. 
.Memphis,  Tenn. 
Milwaukee,  Wis. 


Central 
Time 
Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Mobile,  Ala. 
Nashville,  Tenn. 
New  Orleans,  La. 
Omaha,  Nebr. 
Pensacola,  Fla. 
Port  Huron,  Mich. 
Quiney,  111. 
St.  Joseph,  Mo. 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 
$t.  Paul,  Minn. 
San  Antonio,  Tex. 
Savannah,  Ga. 
Selma,  Ala. 
Sioux  City,  la. 
Vincennes,  Ind. 
Vicksburg.  Miss. 
Winona,  Minn. 


Mountain 
Time 
Denver,  Colo. 
Laramie,  Wyo. 
Leadville,  Colo. 
Salt  Lake  City 
Colorado  Springs 
Helena,  Mont. 


Pacific 
Tim  e 

Kalama,  Wash. 

Portland,  Ore. 

San  Francisco, 

Tacoma,  Wash. 

Seattle,  Wash. 


*  Established  by  State  law.  In  other  cases  the  use  of  uniform 
Standard  Time  is  prescribed  by  decisions  of  the  courts. 

The  time  in  other  States  more  distant  from  the  borders  is  obvious 
from  the  section  in  which  they  are  located. 

The  times  in  use  at  points  in  the  vicinity  of  the  borders  between 
Standard  Time  Sections,  such  as  Buffalo,  Pittsburgh,  etc.,  are  governed 
by  the  contingencies  of  operation  of  the  several  roads. 


74 

One  hour's  difference  in  time  is  reckoned  between  each 
division.  When  it  is  noon  ''Eastern  Standard  Time," 
it  is  11  a.  m.  ''Central  Standard  Time,"  10  a.  m.  "Moun- 
tain Standard  Time,"  and  9  a.  m.  "Pacific  Standard 
Time." 


DIFFERENCE  IN  STANDARD  TIME  BETWEEN  PRINCIPAL 

CITIES. 


CITIES 


At 

Aden Arabia 

Amsterdam Holland 

Athens Greece 

Berlin Germany 

Bombay India 

Bremen Germany 

Central  Time United  States 

Constantinople Turkey 

Copenhagen Denmark 

Dublin Ireland 

Eastern  Time United  States 

Hamburg Germany 

Havre France 

Hong  Kong China 

Honolulu Hawaii 

Liverpool England 

London England 

Madrid Spain 

Manila Philippine    Islands 

Melbourne Australia 

Mountain  Time United  States 

Pacific  Time United  States 

Paris France 

Rome Italy 

Stockholm Sweden 

St.  Petersburg Russia 

Vienna Austria 

Yokohama Japan 


When  It  is  12  o'Clock  Noon  According  to 


Eastern 
Time 


Central 
Time 


Mountain 
Time 


Pacific 
Time 


In  the  United  States 


It 
8.00 
5.20 
6.35 
6.00 
9.51 
6.00 

11.00 
6.56 
6.00 
4.35 

12.00 
6.00 
5.00 

12.37 
6.29 
5.00 
5.00 
5.00 
1.00 
3.00 

10.00 
9.00 
5.00 
6.00 
6.00 
7.01 
6.00 
2.00 


IS 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

A.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

A.M.* 

A.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

A.AL* 

A.M.* 

A.M. 

A.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

A.M.* 


It 
9.00 
0.20 
7.35 
7.00 

10.51 
7.00 

12.00 
7.56 
7.00 
5.35 
1.00 
7.00 
6.00 
1.37 
7.29 
6.00 
6.00 
6.00 
2.00 
4.00 

11.00 

10.00 
6.00 
7.00 
7.00 
8.01 
7.00 
3.00 


P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

A.M.* 

A.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

A.M.* 

A.M.* 

A.M. 

A.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

A.M.* 


It 
10.00 
7.20 
8.35 
8.00 
11.51 
8.00 
1.00 
8.56 
8.00 
6.35 
2.00 
8.00 
7.00 
2.. 37 
8.29 
7.00 
7.00 
7.00 
3.00 
5.00 
12.00 
11.00 
7.00 
8.00 
8.00 
9.01 
8.00 
4.00 


P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

A.M.* 

A.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

A.M.* 

A.M.* 

M. 

A.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

A.M.* 


It 

12.00 
8.20 
9.35 
9.00 

12.51 
9.00 
2.00 
9.56 
9.00 
7.35 
3.00 
9.00 
8.00 
3.37 
9.29 
8.00 
8.00 
8.00 
4.00 
6.00 
1.00 

12.00 
8.00 
9.00 
9.00 

10.01 
9.00 
5.00 


M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

A.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

A.M.* 

A.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

A.M.* 

A.M.* 

P.M. 

M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

P.M. 

A.M.* 


♦  Following  day. 

Great  Britain  adopted  standard  time  in  1880;  Sweden 
in  1879 ;  Japan  in  1886 ;  Germany  in  1892 ;  Austria  in  1891 ; 
Prussia  in  1893;  Italy  in  1893;  Switzerland  in  1894;  Den- 
mark in  1894 ;  Norway  in  1895 ;  Spain  in  1901 ;  and  France 
in  1911. 


75 

Differential.    The  difference  or  dissimilarity  between  two 
things.     (Railroad)  The  difference  between 
the  rates  of  two  competing  railroads  to  the  same  point. 

Discount.  The  interest  subtracted  in  advance  from  the 
amount  stated  on  the  face  of  a  note  or  bill 
of  exchange.  A  rebate  on  a  bill  in  consideration  of  prompt 
or  cash  payment.  The  price  of  stocks  or  bonds  below  their 
par  value ;  a  stock  or  bond  originally  issued  at  $100  and 
sold  at,  say  $98,  is  said  to  be  sold  at  a  Discount. 

Disfranchise.  To  deprive  of  or  take  away  a  privilege, 
right,  or  grant.     See  Franchise. 

Dividend.  The  percentage  of  profit  that  is  distributed 
among  the  stockholders  whose  names  ap- 
pear on  the  books  of  the  company.  Profit  on  shares  of 
stock.  Stocks  bought  after  the  books  of  a  company  have 
been  closed,  are  said  to  be  bought  "ex-dividend" — without 
dividend.  When  a  company  stops  paying  a  dividend,  it 
is  said  to  ''pass  its  dividend."    See  Bonds  and  Stocks. 

Dower.  See  Release  of  Dower  and  Wills. 

Draft.  A  written  order  from  one  party  to  another 

directing  the  payment  of  the  amount  named 
on  its  face  within  a  specified  time. 


76 


$ 

AT  SIGHT, 

PAY 

New  York.. 

19     . 

TO    THE    ORDER 

OF. 

>LLARS 

.DC 
TO 

VALUE    RECEIVED 
ACCOUNT. 

AND    CHARGE 

THE 

SAME 

Form  of  Sight  Draft. 


N E w  York. 19.. 


THIRTY    DAYS   AFTER    DATE,    PAY   TO    THE   ORDER 

Dollars 

value   received.   and   charge   to account. 


Form  of  Time  Draft. 

Draft  with       The  seller  of  the  stock  forwards  the  stock, 
Stock  with  a  draft  upon  the  purchaser  attached, 

Attached.        to  a  bank,  who  presents  the  draft  for  collec- 
tion, and  upon  payment  delivers  the  stock 
to  the  purchaser. 

Dress.  The  eye  takes  in  more  than  the  ear.    First 

impressions  photograph  sometimes  inef- 
faceably,  and  the  mental  portrait  retained  of  an  appli- 
cant is  often  the  deciding  vote  for  or  against  his 
employment. 


77 

A  neat,  well-groomed  appearance  will  go  far  toward 
suggesting  efficiency  and  ability;  and  the  knowledge  of 
being  carefully  and  tastefully  attired  inspires  a  confi- 
dence in  oneself  that  is  quickly  transmitted  to  others. 

Few  men  find  it  beyond  their  means  to  indulge  in  clean 
linen,  polished  boots,  well-kept  hair  and  hands,  or  clothes 
which,  though  they  may  not  be  of  Fashion's  latest  cut, 
are  neatly  pressed,  brushed,  and  free  of  grease-spots, 
threads,  etc. 

Some  men  have  the  mistaken  notion  that  they  are  too 
busy  to  attend  to  these  details,  but  their  importance 
cannot  be  too  greatly  emphasized. 

The  successful  man  usually  bears  all  the  earmarks  of 
success.  A  coat  with  frayed  lining,  shoes  with  run-down 
heels,  a  soiled  waistcoat,  tawdry  jewelry,  or  an  uncleanly 
appearance,  are  flagrant  manifestations  of  the  ^<»^success- 
ful  man.  It  is  not  unusual  to  see  waistcoats  of  startling 
design  on  business  men  who  would  appear  to  have 
attained  an  age  of  discretion.  A  checked  suit,  shirt,  tie 
and  hosiery  of  diversified  hues  would  hardly  predispose 
one  in  favor  of  the  wearer. 

Good  taste  dictates  quiet  clothes,  unostentatious 
jewelry,  and  an  absence  of  habits  or  mannerisms  likely 
to  oifend  others.  It  would  seem  hardly  necessary  to  call 
attention  to  the  fact  that  manicuring  the  nails,  combing 
the  hair,  using  a  toothpick  (or  any  desk  instrument  as 
a  toothpick),  in  the  presence  of  one's  associates,  not  only 
shows  lack  of  refinement,  but  lack  of  consideration  for 
the  feelings  of  others. 

However  well  dressed,  the  young  man  with  cigarette- 


78 

stained  fingers  can  hardly  hope  to  be  considered  for 
employment.  In  the  majority  of  well-managed  offices, 
smoking  during  business  hours  is  discouraged,  or  entirely 
prohibited.  And  the  luncheon  cocktail,  in  itself  harm- 
less, has  been  the  mustard  seed  that  grew  to  such  pro- 
portions as  completely  to  envelop  and  destroy  many  a 
^'good  fellow"  in  business. 


Due  Bill.  An  instrument  acknowledging  in  writing 

that  a  debt  is  owed. 


$100 

DUE  Herbert  Smith,  or  bearer,  one  hundred 

DOLLARS     IN      MERCHANDISE.     FOR     VALUE     RECEIVED. 
PAYABLE    ON     DEMAND. 

FRANK   ARBUCKLE. 
New  York.  March  1,  1916. 


Form  of  Due  Bill  Payable  in  Goods. 

Dun.  Publisher  of  commercial  ratings. 

Easement.        A  right  or  convenience  over  the  land  of 
another,  as  a  right  of  way,  or  water  course. 

Equipment.      All  the  rolling  stock — locomotives,  cars,  etc. 
— of  a  railroad.     An  outfit. 

Equity.  The  ownership  in  a  property  over  and  above 

all  liens  or  debts. 


79 

Escrow.  Something  deposited  with  a  third  party 

to  be  held  in  trust  until  certain  acts  have 
been  perfM'med,  conditions  fulfilled,  or  certain  events 
have  happened. 


£t  Al. 


And  others. 


Et  Ux. 


And  wife. 


Exchange,        See  Coins,  foreign  value  of. 
Foreign. 


Executor. 


See  Wills, 


Ex  Officio.        By  virtue  of  office. 

F.O.B.  Free  on  Board. 

Face.  The  flat  amount.     The  value  exclusive  of 

any  deductions  such  as  interest,  discount, 
premium.     The  principal.     See  Par. 

Fee  Simple.      That  estate   or  interest  which   an  owner 
holds  to  himself  and  his  heirs  forever.    Ab- 
solute ownership,  free  and  clear. 

Feme  Covert.  A  married  woman. 

Feme  Sole.       An  unmarried  woman. 

Fiduciary.        Trustee.    FrouciARY  Capacity,  financial  re- 
lation of  trust,  as  between  a  guardian  and 


80 

ward,  an  executor  and  beneficiary  of  a  will,  an  attorney 
and  his  client,  a  trustee  and  the  recipient  of  trust  funds, 
etc.,  etc. 

Filing  ''To  find  that  letter  in  the  right  place  you 

Systems.  must  file  it  right  in  the  first  place,"  is  the 

admonition  of  one  of  the  large  makers  of 
filing  systems. 

The  use  of  the  letter-hook  with  letter  copying  press  has 
almost  entirely  given  away  to  the  carbon  copy  and  the 
Rapid  Roller  Copier  copy ;  both  reproductions  of.  corre- 
spondence being  cared  for  in  some  one  of  the  several  verti- 
cal filing  methods  which  have,  for  general  correspondence, 
almost  wholly  superceded  the  old  and  various  forms  of  flat 
filing. 

A1.PHABETICAL,  Filing. 

This  is  the  most  widely  used,  being  the  best  adapted  to 
average  business  requirements,  consisting  of  a  simple 
alphabetical  arrangement  of  guides  and  folders  reading 
from  A  to  Z. 

With  such  a  system,  you  simply  file  in  the  **A"  folder 
all  papers  that  would  naturally  be  indexed  under  ''A"; 
all  "B"  papers  in  the  ''B"  folder,  etc.  When  there  is 
considerable  volume  of  correspondence  with  one  firm  or 
person,  a  special  folder  is  made  out  and  filed  in  front  of 
the  alphabetical  folder.  There  may  be  several  of  these 
special  folders  behind  each  guide.    All  papers  in  each 


81 

folder  should  be  filed  chronologically,  that  is,  according  to 
date,  with  the  latest  date  in  front. 


Ti£E  Simplest  Alphabetical  System — One  Guide  fob  Each  Letteb  of 

AlJ'HABET. 
{Courtesy  of  Yawman  d  Erbe  Mfg.  Co.) 


Numerical,  Filing. 

For  some  uses,  especially  where  a  cross  index  to  a  file  is 
necessary,  no  other  method  will  serve  so  well  as  numerical 
indexing.  Railroads,  insurance  companies,  large  corpora- 
tions, etc.,  find  it  indispensable. 

Take  for  example  the  subject  file  of  a  railroad  company. 
Each  subject  is  assigned  to  a  number.  All  papers  relating 
to  that  subject  are  numbered  accordingly  and  filed  behind 
numerical  guides.     For  instance,  take  the  subject  of  ''Ac- 


82 


cidents"  which  is  allotted  to  the  number  *'18.'-  Behind 
the  ''18"  guide  is  a  folder  for  each  accident  on  record. 
These  folders  are  numbered  ''18-1,"  "18-2",  "18-3"  etc. 


The  Numebical  System. 
{Courtesy  of  Yaicman  d  Erie  Mfg.  Co.) 

Papers  may  be  cross-indexed,  for  the  matter  sometimes 
is  referred  to  as  an  "  accident "  or  "  collision  "  or  "  wreck. ' ' 
The  card  index  will  bear  the  number  "  18 "  and  the  word 
"Accidents"  at  the  top. 

Every  paper  on  the  subject  bears  the  file  number.  In 
correspondence,  the  matter  is  referred  to  by  number.  Some 
firms  have  printed  on  their  letterheads  "Refer  to  File 

"  or  "  When  Replying  Refer  to  File " 

This  minimizes  the  chance  of  error  oi  confusion. 


83 


Cboss  Index  to  the  Subject  File  of  a  Railboad. 

Subject  Piling. 

For  the  stock-keeper  or  purchasing  agent,  the  subject 
filing  is  found  especially  satisfactory.  The  file  is  first 
classed  by  "Articles,"  using  a  set  of  guides  with  tabs  in 
three  positions  across  the  file.  The  guides  are  usually 
arranged  alphabetically,  the  names  of  the  various  articles 
being  plainly  printed  on  the  guide  tabs.  In  railroad  and 
steamship  offices,  where  correspondence  is  heavy,  Subject 
Filing  in  conjunction  with  Numerical  Filing  is  used, 
together  with  a  detailed  card  index. 


Geographical,  (or  Location)  Filing. 

Divides  the  correspondence  according  to  geographical 
divisions.    It  may  be  classified  by  states  and  divided  with 


84 


' '  state ' '  guides  arranged  alphabetically  or  by  sections.  If 
tne  size  of  the  correspondence  warrants,  a  set  of  alphabeti- 
cal guides  indexed  by  cities  may  be  placed  behind  each 
state  guide. 


The  Latest  and  Best  Geogbaphical  System. 
{Courtesy  of  Yawman  d  Erhe  Mfg.  Co.) 


Correspondence  should  never  be  removed  from  the  file 
unless  a  record  is  kept  to  tell  Where  it  is.  A  colored  sheet 
of  paper  is  sometimes  put  in  the  place  of  the  letter  or 
document  removed  from  the  file  and  on  it  a  memorandum 
is  made  of  the  date  and  other  descriptive  data,  which 
quickly  indicates  the  temporary  absence  of  a  letter  or 
paper  from  the  file. 

Some  one  person  should  have  entire  charge  of  the  filing 
and  be  held  responsible  for  its  proper  operation. 


85 


THE  DIEECT  NAME  SYSTEM  OF  FILING,  IN  DETAH,. 
(Courtcsv  of  Yawman  &  ErU  Mfg.  Co.) 


.     .   X'        ..!n.,i    Fnl.lpr   for   miscellaneous   correspondence. 
A      The    Alpliabetical   ^umel•lcal    Lower    lor 


86 

Finance.  Monetary  transactions. 

To  raise  or  provide  the  necessary  funds  to 
carry  out  a  commercial  or  public  undertaking. 

Fire  Covers  insurance   on  buildings   and  their 

Insurance.  contents.  The  premium  or  cost  of  the  in- 
surance varies  with  the  value  of  the  prop- 
erty, the  location  of  it,  the  destructability  of  the  contents, 
etc.  A  warehouse  containing  cotton  commands  a  higher 
rate  of  insurance  than  an  isolated  building  containing  sheet 
iron,  for  instance. 

Finn.  A    company,    partnership,    association    or 

business. 

Fiscal  Year.    A  financial  year,  which,  unlike  a  calendar 
year,  may  date    from    any    month  in  the 
year.     At  the  close  of  a  fiscal  j^ear,  the  books  of  a  company 
are  balanced  to  ascertain  its  financial  condition. 

Fixed  Permanent  obligations  that  have  to  be  met 

Charges.  regularly,  as  interest,  rent,  taxes,  insurance, 

etc. 

Flat.  Without   interest   or   modification.     Face 

value. 

Floating  Obligations  that  are  not  permanent  or  fixed 

Debt.  charges. 

Fluctuation.    Tlianging.     The  rising  and  falling  of  prices. 


87 

Foreclosure.    A  judicial  proceeding  taken  by  a  mortgagee 
to  recover  payment  for  the  money  loaned, 
when  the  mortgagor  has  defaulted  on  the  principal  or 
interest  of  the  mortgage.     See  Mortgage. 

Franchise.  A  right,  privilege  or  grant;  as  the  Eight 
conferred  on  a  corporation  to  conduct  its 
business;  the  Peivtlege  of  voting;  the  Grant  of  suffrage. 
Permission.  A  land  j^atent  granted  by  the  Government  in 
aid  of  railroad  construction. 

Funded  Bonded  indebtedness. 

Debt.  Money  loaned  to  a  government  or  corpora- 

tion. 

Futures.  The  selling  of  something  for  future  deliv- 

ery.    Sales  made  at  prices  based  on  sj^ecu- 
lation  as  to  future  condition  of  supply  and  demand. 

Gilt-edged.       Securities  which  are  considered  to  be  abso- 
lutely safe  and  upon  which  the  interest  is 
paid  regularly  and  promptly  when  due.     First  class. 

Gold  Brick.     Swindle. 


Good  Will.       The  value  placed  upon  the  friendly  patron- 
age of  a  business. 

Government    Interest  bearing  obligations  of  a  country. 
Bonds.  Bonds  payable  in  gold  of  the  present  stand- 

ard of  weight  and  fineness.    See  Standard 
of  Weight  and  Fineness. 


88 

Guarantee.       An  assurance  of  payment.    A  promise  or 
Guaranty.        agreement  to  be  responsible  for  the  pay- 
ment of  a  debt  or  the  performance  of  some 
act  or  duty  on  the  part  of  another. 


FOR   VALUE    RECEIVED _ 

GUARANTEES  AND  ASSURES  THE  PAYMENT  OF  THE 
PRINCIPAL  AND  INTEREST  OF  THE  FOREGOING  MORT- 
GAGE  AS   AND    WHEN    SAME    RESPECTIVELY    COME    DUE. 


Form  of  Guaeanty. 


Habeas 
Corpus. 


(Literally,  ''Produce  the  body"). 
An  order  directing  that  the  body  of  one 
held  in  custody  be  produced  in  court.  The 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  provides:  ''the  privilege 
of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended,  unless 
when  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety 
may  require  it."  v 


Hazard. 


Risk.     See  Insurance. 


Heredita- 
ments. 


Things  which  may  be  inherited. 


Hypothecate.  To  deposit  and  pledge  certain  property  as 
collateral  security  for  a  loan,  which  prop- 
erty is  sold,  in  case  of  default,  and  the  debt  paid  from  the 
money  realized.    To  pawn.    See  Collateral. 


89 

Ignorance  of   Ignorance  of  the  law  excuses  no  one.  Every- 
the  Law.  one  is  bound  to  know  the  law  and  will  not 

be  excused  from  punishment  by  pleading 
ignorance  of  it. 

Income  Tax.    See  Taxes. 

Indemnity.       A  guaranty  to  protect  another  against  loss, 
damage  or  responsibility.     See  Surety. 

Indenture.        A  legal  instrument    under    seal;    e.g.,   an 
Indenture  of  Mortgage,  Lease,  etc. 

Indictment.      A    formal    accusation    against    a    person 
handed  down  by  a  grand  jury  charging  a 
crime  or  misdemeanor. 

Industrials.     Stocks  and  bonds  of  a  manufacturing  com- 
pany or  corporation. 

Infringe-  The  infraction  or  invasion  of  the  rights  of 

ment.  others,    secured   by   copyright,   patent   or 

trade-mark. 

Injunction.      A  prohibitory  writ. 

In  Re.  In  the  matter  of. 

Insolvent.        Bankrupt.    Unable  to  pay  debts.    Insuffi- 
cient funds.    See  Bankruptcy. 


90 

In  Statu  Quo.  As  it  was.    In  tlie  same  position. 

Insurance.  Indemnity  against  loss.  See  Accident  or 
Casualty,  Life,  Fire,  Marine  Insurance. 
Policies  of  insurance  are  issued  against  loss  of  health,  loss 
by  burglary,  lightning,  covering  workmen's  compensation, 
employer's  liability,  fidelity  insurance,  etc. 
A  ''rider"  is  a  special  schedule  attached  to  a  policy. 

Interest.  The  rate  or  charge  made  for  the  employ- 

ment of  money.  It  is  generally  calculated 
on  a  percentage  basis,  a  certain  rate  per  annum.  The 
money  loaned  is  called  the  ''principal";  the  sum  per  cent, 
(per  hundred)  agreed  upon  for  the  use  of  the  money  is 
the  rate  of  interest.    Income. 


SIMPLE   INTEREST  TABLE. 


(Showing  at  Different  Rates  the  Interest 

on  $1  from  1  Month  to  1  Year 

and  on  SlOO  from 

1  Day  to  1  Year.) 

4  Per  Cent  5 

Per  Cent  6 

Per  Cent 

7  Per  Cent 

8  Per  Cent 

Time. 

„ 

0 

t~t 

1-, 

C3 

1 

a 
U 

P,    C 

3         2 

I         g 

5    u 

1     } 

3     z 
5     0 

1 

Q 

a 
0 

2 
1 

P 

g 
0 

.2 

One  Dollar  1  month 

3     . 

4     . 

5 

5 

6 

"       2  months. 

•  3 
"       6 

•  12        •       . 
no  Hundred  Dollars 

7     . 
1     . 

i'  '. 

'.    i 

.     2 
.     5 
.     1 

8     . 
3     . 
5     . 

3'    '. 

.     1 
.     1 
.    3 
.    6 
.     1 

5' 

'e' 

1 

1 
3 

7 

1 

1 
7 
5 

■9' 

1 
2 
4 
8 
2 

3 

1 
2 
4 
1 

■ 

f) 

1  day. . . . 

2 

2  days.  .  . 

2 

2     . 

.     2 

7     . 

.    3 

2 

3 

8 

4 

4 

3      "    ..  . 

3 

4     . 

.     4 

1     . 

.     5 

5 

8 

6 

7 

4      •     ... 

4 

5     . 

.     5 

3     . 

.     6 

6 

7 

7 

8 

9 

5      « 

5 

6     . 

.     6 

9     . 

.     8 

2 

9 

7 

11 

1 

6      "     .  .. 

6 

7     . 

.     8 

3     . 

.  10 

11 

6 

13 

3 

1  month  . 

33 

4     . 

.  41 

6     . 

.  50 

58 

3 

66 

7 

2  inonlha 
3 
(•) 
12 

i' 

2 
4 

06 

7     . 

.  83 

1  25 

2  50 
5     ... 

2 

[     ... 

i 

1 
3 
7 

10 
75 
50 

G 

i 
2 
4 

8 

33 

1 

1    50 
3     ... 

World  Almanac. 


91 


COMPOUND   INTEREST  TABLE. 

COMPOUND  INTEREST  ON  ONE   DOLLAR  FOR   100  YEARS. 


Amount 

Years 

Per 

cent. 

Accumula- 
tion 

Amount 

Years 

Per 
cent. 

Accumula- 
tion 

Amount 

Years 

Per 

cent. 

Accumulation 

$1 

100 

1 

$2.70,5 

$1 

100 

4V< 

$81.58,9 

$1 

100 

10 

$13,780.66 

100 

2 

7.24,5 

100 

5 

131.50,1 

100 

11 

31,064. 3», 6 

100 

2'/, 

11.81,4 

100 

0 

339.30,5 

100 

12 

83,521.82,7 

100 

3 

19.21,8 

100 

7 

867.72,1 

100 

15 

1,174,302.40 

100 

3^ 

31.19,1 

100 

S 

2,199.78,4 

100 

18 

15,424,106.40 

100 

4 

50.50,4 

100 

•J 

5.529.04,4 

100 

24 

2,198,720,200 

YEARS   IN   WHICH   A   GIVEN   AMOUNT   WILL   DOUBLE   AT   SEVERAL    RATES 

OF   INTEREST. 


At  Simple 

AT  COMPOUND  INTEREST 

RATE 

At  Simple 

AT  COMPOUND  INTEREST 

RATE 

Com- 

Com- 

Com- 

Com- 

Com- 

Com- 

Interest 

pounded 

pounded 

pounded 

Interest 

pounded 

pounded 

pounded 

Yearly 

Semi- 
Annually 

Quarterly 

Yearly 

Semi- 
Annually 

Quarterly 

1 

100  years 

69.660 

69.487 

69.237 

6 

16.67 

11.896 

11.725 

11.639 

VA 

66.66 

46.556 

46.382 

46.297 

63^ 

15.38 

11.007 

10.836 

10.750 

2 

50.00 

35.003 

34.830 

34.743 

7 

14.29 

10.245 

10.074 

9.966 

2^ 

40.00 

28.071 

27.899 

27.748 

rii 

13.33 

9.584 

9.414 

9..328 

3 

33.33 

23.450 

23.278 

23.191 

8 

12.50 

9.006 

8.837 

8.751 

^H 

28.57 

20.149 

19.977 

19.890 

8M 

11.76 

8.497 

8.327 

8.241 

4 

25.00 

17.673 

17.501 

17.415 

9 

11.11 

8.043 

7.874 

7.788 

4}4 

22.22 

15.747 

15.576 

15.490 

Qy2 

10.52 

7.638 

7.468 

7.383 

5 

20.00 

14.2C7 

14.035 

13.949 

10 

10.00 

7.273 

7.103 

7.018 

53^ 

18.18 

12.942 

12.775 

12.689 

12 

8.34 

0.116 

5.948 

5.862 

World  Almanac. 


INTEREST  CALCULATIONS. 


RULE. — Multiply  the  principal  by  as  many  one  hundredths  as  there  are  days,  and  then 
divide  as  follows: 

Percent,        4  5  6  7  8  9  10  12 

Divide  by    90  72  60  52  45  40  36  30 

EXAMPLES. — Interest  on  $100.  for  90  days  at  5  per  cent.:  100  x  .90=9.00  divided  by 
72=1.25  (one  dollar  and  25  cents);  on  $1.  for  30  days  at  6  per  cent.:  1  x  .30=.300,  divided 
by  60=.005  (5  mills). 

TABLE. — Showing  the  number  of  days  from  any  date  in  one  month  to  the  same  date  in 
any  other  month.     


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mch. 

.\pril 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Deo. 

3(15 

334 

306 

275 

215 

214 

184 

1.53 

122 

92 

61 

31 

31 
365 
337 
306 
276 
215 
215 
ISt 
153 
123 
92 
<-)2 

59 
28 
3G5 
334 
304 
274 
243 
212 
181 
151 
120 
90 

90 
59 
31 
365 
335 
304 
273 
243 
212 
182 
151 
121 

120 

89 

61 

30 

365 

334 

304 

273 

242 

212 

181 

151 

151 

120 

92 

61 

31 

365 

335 

304 

273 

243 

212 

182 

181 

150 

122 

91 

61 

30 

365 

334 

303 

273 

242 

212 

212 

181 

153 

122 

92 

61 

31 

365 

334 

304 

273 

243 

243 

221 

184 

153 

123 

92 

62 

31 

365 

335 

304 

274 

273 

242 

214 

183 

153 

122 

92 

61 

30 

365 

334 

304 

304 

273 

245 

214 

184 

153 

123 

92 

61 

31 

365 

335 

334 

February 

March 

April 

May 

303 
275 
244 
214 

133 

July 

153 

122 

September 

91 
61 

November 

December 

30 

365 

EXAMPLE. — How  many  days  from  May  5th  to  October  5th?  Look  for  May  at  left 
hand  and  October  at  the  top;  in  the  angle  is  153.  In  leap-year  add  one  day  if  February  is 
'po'vt'ed. 


92 

Legal  Rate — Each  state  prescribes  a  fixed  or  "legal 
rate,"  higher  than  which  is  considered  "usury,"  viz — 


States  and 
Territories 


Days  of  Grace. 


Notes. 


Sight 
Drafts. 


Interest  Rates. 


Legal. 


Special  or 
Contract. 


Statutes  op  Limitations. 


Judg- 
ments, 
Years. 


Notes, 
Years. 


Open 

Accounts 

Years. 


Alabama 

Alaska 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

District  of  Columbia. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Hawaiian  Islands..  . . 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersfy 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

PhiHppine  Islands. .  . 

Porto  Rico 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina 

South  Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wiscon.nin 

Wyoming 


No 

Yes 

No 

Yes 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

Yes 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

Yes 

No 

No 

No 

Yes 

No 

No 

Yes 

No 

No 

No 

No 

Yes 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

Yes 

No 

Yes 

No 

^^l 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 


No 
No 
No 
Yes 
No 
No 
No 
No 
No 
No 
No 
No 
No 
No 
No 
No 
No 
No 
No 
Yes 
No 
Yes 
No 
Yes 
Yes 
No 
No 
No 
No 
Yes 
No 
Yes 
No 
No 
No 
No 
Yes 
No 
No 
No 
No 
Yes 
Yes 
Yes 
No 
Yes 
No 
No 
No 
No 
No 
No 
No 


8  per  ct. 
12  per  ct. 
12  per  ct. 
10  per  ct. 
No  limit. 
No  limit. 
No  limit. 

6  per  ct. 

6  per  ct. 
10  per  ct. 

8  per  ct. 
12  per  ct. 
12  per  ct. 

7  per  ct. 

8  per  ct. 
8  per  ct. 

10  per  ct. 

6  per  ct. 

8  per  ct. 
No  limit. 

6  per  ct. 
No  limit. 

7  per  ct. 
10  per  ct. 
10  per  ct. 

8  per  ct. 
No  Umit. 

10  per  ct. 
No  limit. 

6  per  ct. 

6  per  ct. 

12  per  ct. 

11  6  per  ct. 
G  per  ct. 

12  per  ct. 
8  per  ct. 

10  per  ct. 

10  per  ct. 

6  per  ct. 

No  limit. 

12  per  ct. 

No  limit. 

8  per  ct. 

12  per  ct. 

6  per  ct. 

6  per  ct. 

"^  per  ct. 

per  ct. 

per  ct. 

per  ct. 

per  ct. 

per  ct. 

per  ct. 


12] 
Ol 
6] 

12  I 
8] 

10] 

12] 


20 
10 

5 
10 

5 
20 
(a) 
10 
12 
20 

7 

6 
20 
20 
20 1 

5 
15 
10 
20 
12 
20 
10 
10 

7 
10 
10 

5 

6 
20 
20 

7 
20 
10 
10 
6-15 
1-5 
10 


20 
10 
10 
10 
10 


20 

6 

10 

C-20 

21 


6* 
6 
4 
5 
4 
6 
(6) 
6t 
3 
5 
6t 

5 
10 
10 
10 

5 
15 

5 
6-20 

3 

6 

6 

6 

C 
10 

8 

5 

4 

6 

6 

6 

6 

3* 

6 
15 

5 

6 

6t 


6 
6 
6 
6 
4 
6 
6 
5* 
6 
10 
6 
5 


,.  .'[ -^"y  ™*®  of  int<'re8t  on  call  loans  of  $5,000  or  upward,  on  collateral  security,  (a)  No 
Umit.  (h)  Negotiable  notes.  6  years.  *  Under  seal,  10  years,  t  Under  seal  20  years.  J  In 
Courta  of  Record,  20  years;  Justice's  Court,  10  years.  §  Accounts  between  merchants  2 
years. 


93 

Interim  A  temporary  certificate  used  until  the  per- 

Certificate.       manent    certificates,   which   are    engraved, 

lithographed  or  printed,  have  been  issued. 

Interstate  The  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  was 
Commerce  created  by  the  act  to  regulate  commerce, 
Commission,  approved  Feb.  4,  1887.  The  original  act 
provided  for  five  members  at  a  salary  of 
$7,500.  Under  the  "Hepburn  Act"  approved  June  29, 
1906,  the  membership  was  increased  to  seven  at  a  salary 
of  $10,000  per  annum  and  the  term  of  office  increased  from 
six  to  seven  years.  Enlargement  of  the  Commission  is  by 
appointment  of  the  President  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  Senate. 

The  regulating  statutes  apply  to  all  common  carriers 
engaged  in  the  transjaortation  of  oil  or  other  commodity 
except  water  and  except  natural  or  artificial  gas,  by  means 
of  pipe  lines,  or  partly  by  pipe  line  and  partly  by  water, 
and  to  common  carriers  engaged  in  the  interstate  trans- 
portation of  passengers  or  property  wholly  by  railroad  or 
partly  by  railroad  and  partly  by  water  when  both  are  used 
under  a  common  control  or  management  or  a  continuous 
carriage  or  shipment.  Only  traffic  transported  wholly 
within  a  single  State  is  excepted.  The  commission  has 
jurisdiction,  on  complaint,  and  after  full  hearing  to  deter- 
mine and  prescribe  reasonable  rates,  regulations  and  prac- 
tices and  order  reparation  to  injured  shippers ;  to  require 
any  carriers  to  desist  from  unjust  discrimination.  Carriers 
must  file  annual  reports  with  the  Commission.  Various 
other  powers  are  conferred  on  the  Commission. 


9^ 

Intestate.         Having  left  no  will ;  in  which  event  an  ad- 
ministrator of  the  decedent's  estate  is  ap- 
pointed by  the  court.    See  Administrator. 

Inventory.       An  itemized  list  or  schedule  of  property.  A 
stock  list. 

Investment.  Funds  employed  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
secure  a  profitable  and  permanent  income. 
The  placing  of  funds  in  what  is  considered  a  safe  enter- 
prise, with  the  promise  of  moderate  returns,  as  opposed  to 
speculation.  See  Building  and  Loan  Associations,  Bonds 
and  Stocl:s,  Municipals,  Public  Utilities,  Government 
Bonds,  Railroad  Securities,  Industrials,  Savings  Banks. 

Legal.  Investment — Stocks  or  Bonds  in  which  the 
law  of  the  state  permits  a  savings  bank  to  invest  the  funds 
of  its  depositors. 


INCOME 

ON  im^ESTMENTS. 

PAR  VALUE  8100. 

Cost 

4  per  ct. 

5  per  ct. 

6  per  ct. 

7  per  ct. 

8  per  ct. 

10  per  ct. 

$50.00 

$8.00 

$10.00 

$12.00 

$14.00 

$16.00 

$20.00 

00.00 

0.C7 

8.33 

10.00 

11.66 

13.33 

16.66 

70.00 

5.71 

7.14 

8.57 

10.00 

11.42 

14.23 

75.00 

6.34 

6.66 

8.00 

9.33 

10.66 

13.35 

80.00 

5.00 

6.25 

7.50 

8.75 

10.00 

12.50 

85.00 

4.70 

5.88 

7.05 

8.23 

9.41 

11.76 

90.00 

4.44 

5.55 

6.66 

7.77 

8.88 

11.11 

95.00 

4.21 

5.26 

6.31 

7.36 

8.42 

10.52 

100.00 

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

10.00 

105.00 

3.81 

4.76 

5.71 

6.66 

7.61 

9.52 

110.00 

3.64 

4.54 

5.45 

6.36 

7.27 

9.09 

115.00 

3  48 

4.34 

5.21 

6.08 

6.95 

8.69 

120.fX) 

3.33 

4.16 

5.00 

6.83 

6.66 

8.33 

TIME  IN  WHICH  A  SUM  WILL  DOUBLE  ITSELF. 


Rate 

Simple  Interest 

Compound  Interest 

2  per  cent 

50  year.s. 

35  vears        1  day 

3 

33  years  4  months 

23  years   164  days 

4 

25  years, 

17  years  246  days 

5 

20  years, 

14  vears     75  days 

6 

16  years  8  montha 

1 1  years  327  days 

8 

12  years  G  months 

9  years       2  days 

10       ■ 

10  years, 

7  vear^   100  days 

95 

Invoice.  Merchandise  received  by  the  consignee.    A 

Bill.  Statement  of  account  forwarded  to 
the  consignee  or  purchaser,  itemizing  the  quantity,  prices, 
charges,  etc.,  of  the  merchandise  sent. 


lO.U. 


I  Owe  You. 


Ipse  Dixit.  He  himself  said  it. 

Joint  A  bank  account,  or  other  interest  in  corn- 
Account,  mon  in  the  name  of  two  or  more  parties. 

Judgment.  A  decision  of  law  pronounced  by  a  court 
enforcing  a  contract  or  redressing  a  wrong. 

Judgment  The   one   against  whom   judgment   is   se- 

Debtor.  cured;  the  debtor.    Defendant. 

Kilowatt.  Measure  of  electricity.    1,000  watts. 


Knot.  The  statute  knot  is  6,082.66  feet,  and  is 

generally  considered  the  Standard.  The 
number  of  feet  in  a  knot  is  arrived  at  as  follows :  The  cir- 
cumference of  the  earth  is  divided  into  360  degrees,  each 
degree  containing  60  knots  or  (360  x  60)  21,600  knots  to 
the  circumference.  21,600  divided  into  131,385,456  equals 
the  number  of  feet  in  the  earth's  circumference — gives 
6,082  feet— the  length  of  a  statute  knot. 


96 

1  knot  —1.151  miles        5  knots—  5.757  miles 

2  knots— 2.303  miles      10  knots— 11.515  miles 

3  knots— 3.454  miles      20  knots— 23.030  miles 

4  knots— 4.606  miles      25  knots— 28.787  miles 
6  f eet— 1  fathom ;  600  feet— 1  cable ;  10  cables 

— 1  knot. 

Statute  mile  5,280  feet  (5/6  of  a  knot). 

Lamb.  A  novice  in  the  ways  of  Wall  Street.    A 

gambler.  A  speculator.  One  who  buys 
stocks  at  random  without  knowledge  or  study  of  what  he 
is  dealing  in. 

Lawful  See  Legal  Tender. 

Money. 

Lease.  A  contract  or  agreement  for  the  rental  of 

land  or  a  building.  Lessee — The  one  to 
whom  a  lease  is  made.  (Tenant).  Lessor — The  one  who 
makes  a  lease.    (Landlord). 

Form  of  Lease. 

ZhiQ  UnOentuce,  made  the 

day  of one  thousand  nine  hundred  and 

^Between 

of  the part,  TKHttnegsetb,         That  the  said  part of  the 

first  part  ha....    letten,  and  hy  these  presents  do grant,   deynise, 

and  to  farm  let,  unto  the  said  part of  the  second  part 

with  the  appurtenances,  for  the  term  of 

from  the day  of one  thousand  nine 

hundred at  the rent  or  sum  of 

to  he  paid  in  equal 


97 

2HnJ)  it  is  agreed  that  if  any  rent  shall  &e  due  and  unpaid,  or  if  default 
shall  he  made  in  any  of  the  covenants  herein  contained,  then  it  shall  be 

laivful   for  the  said  part of  the  first   part  to  re-enter   the  said 

premises  and  the  same  to  have  again,  repossess  and  enjoy. 

HnJ)  the   said  part of   the  second   part  do covenant  to  pay 

to  the  said  part of  the  first  part  the  said  yearly  rent  as  herein 

specified. 

Hn^  at  the  expiration  of  the  said  tcrtms  the  said  part of   the 

second  part  will  quit  and  surrender  the  premises  herehy  demised,  in  as 
good  state  and  condition  as  reasonable  use  and  wear  thereof  will  pervnt, 
damages  by  the  elements  excepted. 

2HnD  the  said  part of  the  first  part  do covenant  that  the 

said  part of  the  second  part,  on  paying  the  said  yearly  rent,  and 

performing  the  covenants  aforesaid,  shall  and  may  peaceably  and  quietly 
have,  hold  and  enjoy  the  said  demised  premises  for  the  term  aforesaid. 

IFn    GonstDcratton     of  the  letting  of  the  premises  within  mentioned 

to  the  tcithin  named and  the  sum  of  one  dollar 

to  me  paid  by  the  said  part of  the  first  part  do hereby  covenant 

and  agree  to  and  with  the  part of  the  first  part  above  named,  and 

legal  representatives,  that  if  default  shall  at  any  time  be  made 

by  the  said in  the  payment  of  the  rent  and 

the  performance  of  the  covenants  contained  in  the  within  lease  on 

part  to  be  paid  and  performed,  that will  well  and  truly  pay  the 

said  rent  or  any  arrears  thereof  that  may  remain  due  unto  the  said 

part of  the  first  part,  and  also  all  damages  that  may  arise  in  con- 

sequenee  of  the  non-performance  of  said  covenants^  or  either  of  them, 

tcithout  requiring  notice  of  any  such  default  from  the  said  part 

of   the  first  part 

TRnitneSS hand and  seal this day  of 

in  the  year  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and 


Witness, 


98 

Legal  Day.  ^  legal  day  ends  at  12  p.  m. 

Legal  Rate.  See  Interest. 

Legal  (Or  Lawful  Money).    Gold  and  silver  coins 

Tender.  and  United  States  Treasury  Notes. 

Legend.  The  explanation  of  colors  or  tracings  on  a 
map.    Sjonbols  used  for  indexing.    A  key. 


Bankixg  Towns 
Express  Co.  Offices 
Railroads 
Rivers      -        .        - 


O 

* 


-(Red) 
(Blue) 


Map  Legend. 


Letters  of 
Adminis- 
tration. 


Instrument  granted  by  the  Court  to  certain 
persons  who  are  entitled  (preference  being 
given  to  next  of  kin)  to  distribute  the  es- 
tate of  a  deceased  who  has  left  no  will. 


Form  of  Letter  of  Administration. 

Zbe  people  ot  tbe  State  of  t\c\v  l^orft,  to 

deceased,  SenD  ©teetltig  : 

XMbClcaS  the  .mid  deccas.cd,  at  the  time  of death,  teas 

h]/  means  whereof  the  ordering  and  granting  administration  of  all  and 
sinimlar  the  goods,  chattels  and  credits  of  the  said  deceased,  and  also 
the  auditing,  alloicing  and  final  discharging  the  account  thereof,  doth 
appertain  unto  us;  and  ice  heing  desirous  that  the  said  goods,  chat- 
felt  and  credits  may  be  tvclf  and  faithfully  administered,  applied  and 
disposed  of,  do  grant  unto  you  the  said 


99 

full  power  by  these  presents,  to  administer  and  faithfullj/  dispose  of 
all  and  singular,  the  said  goods,  chattels  and  credits;  to  o-s/c,  demnnd, 
recover  and  receive  the  debts  which  unto  the  said  deceased  whilst  living, 

and  at  the  time  of death,  did  belong:  and  to  pay  the  debts 

lohich  the  said  deceased  did  oice,  so  far  as  such  goods,  chattels  and 
credits  will  thereto  extend,  and  the  law  require:  hereby  requiring 
you  to  tnalce,  or  cause  to  be  made,  a  true  and  perfect  inventory  of  all 
and  singular  the  goods,  chattels  and  credits  of  the  said  deceased,  ivhich 
shall  or  have  come  to  your  hands,  possession  or  knowledge;  and  the 
same  so  made  to  exhibit,  or  cause  to  be  exhibited,  into  the  office  of 
the  Surrogate  of  the  said  County,  at  or  before  the  expiration  of  three 
months  from  the  date  hereof,  and  that  (you  obey  all  orders  of  tlie  said 
Surrogate  touching  the  administration,  of  the  said,  estate,  and  render 
a  just  and  true  account  of  administration,  wjien  thereunto  required: 
And  tee  do  by  these  presents  depute,  constitute   and   appoint  you   the 

said    

Administrat of  all  and  singular  the  goods,  chattels  and 

credits  which  were  of  the  said  deceased. 

"Hn  XICStimonB  Wbcreor,    ire   have  caused  the  seal   of  office  of  our 
said  Surrogate  to  be  hereunto  affixed. 

TMitnCSSf Surrogate  of  the  said  County,  at  his  office  in. 

the day  of in  the  year  of 

our  Lord  one  thousand  nine  hundred 

Letters  Testa-  An  instrument  issued  by  the  court  to  the 
mentary.  Executor  (or  Executrix)  of  a  will  after  all 

the  details  incidental  to  the  probating  of  the 
will  have  been  reviewed  by  the  court. 

Letter  A  letter  from  one  bank  to  its  correspondent 

of  Credit.         in  another  country  requesting  that  the  client 

to  whom  the  Letter  of  Credit  has  been  sold, 

be  furnished  with  the  amount  of  money  or  credit  stated  in 


100 

tlie  Letter,  the  payment  of  which  it  guarantees.    See  Trav- 
ellers Checks. 


O^       No.T.H.B.2134       "^r 


9yen//et,ien  ■  ^eat  ^ovl, __/J? 

ty/ici  miu  iefise  fo  intfce/ttce  /n  ■uoet  an^ fo  rfm/ntttenf/ An  t/cuir  courleoui 

rnnn't/efnft.ftn     ,^H 

fo  w/in>n    Ufnt  Ufi// /t/exue ^r t^niiA  UtcA  Atn/A  ai matt,  realtime  ft/i   <ti 

//le  rrnti renn/e  ntnottnt  «/''„/_ _^___^_ 

KyouTu/s    .Jfi'i'lina 

a/ininit_ Uemand  c/mJ(  on, 

THE  CITY  BANK  LIMITED,  LONDON 

0<tc/i  dffi^i  nuat  ^fi/i/ainyu  ■ma.r^ed  m  tffaum  iint^eii  ^Ae  C/lcUeloutn 

JOff/i/-  Ji-Uei'  cf    Ci-et/tt   j\i,. a«</  tee  &nana^  lAa^t  UtcA 

Urn/h  i/ifi/^  meft  fcilA  t/ae  Actio f  in  Uon</(in  '^ ttmoCia/eei  wt  o^  ^e^fe 
19 

•J/ie  a/nounl  cf  prtrA  tli'a/i  wMt  /e  enfei'ed  en  tAe  la^ci  €>/ fAii 
Icffei'  ant/  to  A/i/i  (ire  laiiA  to  ra//  t/Mtf  i/ieria/  attention.. 

L/Aii  Uettei'  r/"  Credit  niuit  /^e  ennre/ter/ wAen  e~cA^mted and  o.t/acAe*/ 
to  tAe /infit  e/ra/)'  e/rfimn.  (M-f,je  iee  to  it  tAat  tAe  efrn/h  arc  ii^tiett  in 
yonK/ttieience.  a  nd  ra  re/u//^  com/iai'e  tAe  ii^ntitate  inifA  tAe  j/>  net  men  letom. 

^Axtn/in^  you  in.  antirt/iation ^r  tAe  attention  you  may  e-tten*^  to 


J^ 


"Pei^  1'^>J/lect/i///y   ytutyi, 
.JotAe  ^unAefi  -mentio-ned in 
ouf  Hist  (^'  Vorivj/iontten/i. 

Jia'natu/i<«  c^ 


.President 
Cashier 


FoBM  OF  Letteb  of  Cbedit. 


101 

Letter  The  remarks  that  follow  are  designed  to  re- 

writing, fer  only  to  typewritten  business  letters. 

There  may  be  said  to  be  nine  component 
parts  to  a  letter. 


STONE    &    STONE 

155    WALL    STREET 

(1) 

Headino   

NEW    YORK 

(2) 

Date   

8i 

December  22.    1916. 

(3) 

Addbess    

Mr.    T.    Smith, 

103  West   Street, 

Personal 

New  York,   N.   Y. 

(4) 

SaLI'TATION      

10 

Dear  Sir: 

«                                                                                                                                                                85 

Your   letter   of   the  20th   instant    re- 
ceived this  morning. 

20 

I  shall  submit  the  matter  to  the  Chief 

(5) 

Boot   

of    Engineers    at    once,    and    urge    the   impor- 

tance  of   this  work's   being  gotten  under  way 

at  the   earliest  moment  possible. 

(6) 

COMPLIMENTABT 

20 

With  the  compliments   of   the   season. 

Close. 

I  remain, 

41) 

Very  truly  yours. 

(^> 

SlONATUHE     

H.    G.    Jones. 

(8) 

PoaxscBiPT     

M 

P.S.      Hope   to* see  you  at   the  annual 
dinner  of  the   Country  Club   on  the   28th. 

(9)       SOPEBSCBimoN 


Envelope. 


102 

(1)  Heading  (usually  printed  or  engraved) 

(2)  Date 

(3)  Address  (to  whom  written) 

(4)  Salutation  (greeting) 

(5)  Body  (paragraphing  and  divisions) 

(6)  Complimentary  close 

(7)  Signature 

(8)  Postscript  (if  any) 

(9)  Superscription 

(1)     Heading. 
Letterheads  are  usually  printed  or  engraved.    For  style 
of  type  see  Type. 

A  letterhead  may  include  any  or  all  of  the  following : 

Name  of  firm 

Nature  of  business 

Location   (state,  city,  street  and  number,  witli  room  or  suite 

number) 
Telephone  number 
Cable  address 
Colophon   (trademark) 
Officers'  names 
Name  of  department  and  department  head 

In  reply  refer  to  file  No or  Our  File  No. 

Address  all  letters  to  the  firm 

The  less  printing  on  a  letterhead,  the  more  attractive 
it  is. 

A  typewritten  heading  should  be  placed  in  the  upper  left- 
hand  comer  or  the  upper  center  of  the  blank  sheet. 

(2)     Date. 
Begin  date  well  to  the  right,  so  that  it  ends  flush  with 
the  righthand  margin  of  the  body  of  the  letter. 


103 

If  not  printed  on  the  letterhead,  the  city  and  state  should 
appear  on  the  date  line. 

Mobile,  Ala.,  August  1,  1916. 

En  Route,  September  1,  1916. 

En  Route  East,   September  1,  1916. 

The  traveling  member  of  a  firm,  while  in  a  distant  city, 
may  write  letters  on  the  regular  letterhead  of  the  firm,  on 
which  is  printed  the  address  of  the  home  office.  In  such 
case,  the  letter  should  be  dated 

At  Texas  City,  Texas,  November  1,  1916. 

Except  when  they  precede  the  months  (including  instant, 
ultimo,  proximo)  th,  st,  nd,  or  d  should  be  omitted  after  the 
date  number ;  as, 

November  1,  1916. 
The  12th  of  December. 
5th  instant. 

th,  st,  nd  and  d,  not  being  abbreviations,  should  not  be  fol- 
lowed by  a  period. 

The  date  should  be  written  in  full  on  the  first  page  of  a 
letter,  not  8/12/16  or  8-12-16 ;  on  the  second  and  succeed- 
ing pages,  figures  may  be  used. 

Be  careful  never  to  omit  the  date. 

(3)     Address. 

In  a  formal  business  letter,  the  address  is  usually  placed 
at  the  beginning,  although  it  is  not  universally  so  placed. 

A  friendly  business  note  has  the  address  in  the  lower 
lefthand  corner. 


104 


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110 

A  title  should  be  placed  on  the  same  line  with  the  name. 

Mr.  James  Rutherford,  President, 
Norfolk   Chemical   Company, 
Norfolk,  Va. 

not 

Mr.  James  Rutherford, 

President  Norfolk  Chemical  Company, 
Norfolk,  Va. 

There  has  come  into  vogue  among  the  less  conservative 
typists  the  style  of  placing  each  line  of  the  address  flush 
with  the  lefthand  margin,  viz. : 

Continental  Trust  Company, 
330  Church  Street, 
New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Dear  Sir: 

If  this  style  is  adopted,  it  adds  to  the  appearance  of  a 
single-spaced  letter,  and  is  in  better  proportion,  to  begin 
the  paragraphs,  also,  flush  with  the  lefthand  margin,  with 
double  spacing  between  them. 

Do  not  prefix  Messrs.  to  a  firm  name  like 

The  Yates  &  Earl  Company. 
George  Frost  Company. 
Frederick  A.  Stokes  Company. 

It  should  be  prefixed  to  the  name  of  a  partnership 

Messrs.  Bell,  Polk  &  Smith. 
Messrs.  Smith,  Jones  &  Co. 

While  Esq.  is  commonly  used  in  England,  in  America 
it  is  used  entirely  according    to    individual    preference. 


Ill 

Many  business  firms  reserve  it  as  a  title  of  compliment  or 
respect  for  lawyers  and  distinguished  men. 

Never  use  together  Mr.  and  Esq.;  Dr.  and  M.D. 

No.  or  ^  is  not  necessary  before  a  street  number.  A  num- 
ber is  obviously  a  number. 

(4)     Salutation. 

Ml/  dear  Madam  is  more  formal  than  Dear  Madam. 

Dear  Mrs.  Jones  is  less  formal  than  Dear  Madam, 

Dear  John  or  Dear  Elizabeth  is  for  informal  correspond- 
ence. 

(5)     Body. 

Paragraph  each  new  subject. 

Paragraph  uniformly — one  inch  from  left  margin. 

If  the  subject  of  a  letter  is  given,  center  it  at  the  top, 
preferably  on  the  line  below  the  salutation. 

Dear  Sir : 

In  re  Car  Demurrage: 

(Note  that  re  is  not  an  abbreviation  and  should  have  no 
period  after  it.) 

If  more  than  one  subject  is  covered  in  the  letter,  place 
each  subject  in  large  type  at  the  beginning  of  each  para- 
graph; or  if  the  letter  is  very  long  the  subjects  may  be 
centered. 

If  writing  to  a  large  corjDoration,  and  you  know  the  per- 
son in  charge  of  the  matter  under  correspondence,  write 
below  the  address,  or  center  on  the  line  below  the  saluta- 
tion— 

Attention  of  Mr.  

This  may  also  appear  on  the  envelope. 


112 

Give  your  correspondents'  file  number,  when  they  so 
request  on  their  letterhead. 

In  writing  to  a  large  company  or  corporation,  when  you 
know  the  department  or  official  who  has  charge  of  the 
matter  you  are  writing  about,  make  such  designation  in 
your  address. 

Transportation  Department, 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad, 
Baltimore,  Md. 

Receiving  Teller, 

Chase  National  Bank, 
New  York,  N.  Y. 

The  clever  typist,  with  a  little  practice,  can  make  the 
right-hand  margin  as  even  as  the  left,  bearing  in  mind  that 
typewriting  is  but  a  form  of  printing  and  that  by  shifting 
the  spaces  between  words  the  margins  may  be  made  even. 

When  Personal,  Private  or  Confidential  is  placed  on  the 
envelope,  it  also  usually  appears  on  the  letter. 

AVhen  a  letter  is  signed  with  the  firm  name,  be  careful 
to  see  that  the  first  person  plural  we  is  used  throughout; 
and  similarly,  if  the  letter  is  signed  by  an  officer  of  the 
company,  writing  in  his  own  name,  that  I  is  used  through- 
out ;  if  he  is  speaking  or  writing  for  the  firm  we  is  used ; 
but  both  we  and  I  should  not  be  used  in  the  same  letter, 

(6)     Complimentary  Close. 

Do  not  show  haste  by  closing  Avith  Yours,  or  worse  still, 
Yrs. 

When  writing  to  a  person  of  position,  a  letter  of  appli- 
cation, or  the  like,  should  be  closed  with  Respectfully 
yours. 


113 

Cordially  yours  denotes  a  friendly  personal  relation, 
and  is  seldom  used  in  business. 

Signatures  should  never  be  typed.  The  corporation  or 
firm  name  when  typed  may  be  followed  by  Per  or  By  and 
a  signature. 

A  woman  should  place  Mrs.  or  Miss  in  parenthesis  be- 
fore her  name  in  a  business  letter  or  to  one  who  does  not 
know  her.     {Miss)  Margaret  Costello. 

A  married  woman  signs  Mary  Ellen  Smith,  and  below, 
if  she  is  not  known  to  her  correspondent,  Mrs.  Arthur 
Smith,  the  latter  being  used  in  directing  the  envelope  to 
her. 

Flowery  and  pompous  closings  such  as  I  have  the  honor 
to  remain,  my  very  dear  sir,  or  Your  obedient,  humble 
servant,  are  passe. 

Usually  the  first  line  of  a  complimentary  close  is  super- 
fluous and  may  be  dispensed  with.  Wlien  you  have  con- 
cisely and  briefly  presented  the  matter,  end  your  letter 
simply  by  adding  Yours  truly,  Yours  very  truly. 

The  first  word  only  is  capitalized,  and  a  comma  placed 
at  the  end  of, 

Very  respectfully  yours, 
Yours  truly, 
Yours  very  truly, 
Very  truly  yours, 
Respectfully  yours. 
Yours  respectfully, 
Sincerely  yours, 
Yours  sincerely, 
Faithfully  yours. 
Yours  faithfully, 
Yours  cordially, 


114 

The  first  line  of  the  complimentary  close,  if  used,  should 
be  paragraphed : 

With  kind  regards,  I  remain, 
Yours  very  truly, 

Trusting  this  meets  with  your  approval,  I  am. 
Yours  truly, 

Use  I  am  at  the  close  when  there  has  been  no  previous 
correspondence ;  I  remain,  when  there  has. 

(7)  Signature. 
Should  always  be  written. 

Should  be  legibly  written,  especially  if  the  name  does 
not  appear  on  the  printed  letterhead.  It  is  a  worn-out 
theory  that  illegible  writing  denotes  genius.  Write 
plainly ;  cut  out  curls,  frills  and  shadings  in  business  letter- 
writing. 

Be  careful  not  to  send  a  letter  out  without  a  signature. 

A  title  should  never  be  used  in  the  signature ;  as  John 
B.  Walker,  not  Professor  John  B.  Walker. 

(8)  Postscript. 

Indicates  something  forgotten,  or  something  to  be  em- 
phasized. 

Should  begin  as  a  new  paragraph. 

Should  be  signed  with  initials  only.  Some  business 
houses  dispense  with  even  those. 

(9)     Superscription. 
(Envelope.) 
Direction  usually  occupies  three  lines — sometimes  four, 
never  two— placed  in  the  center  of  the  envelope. 


115 

1 — Name 

2 — Street  and  number 
3 — City  and  state. 

The  words  street,  avenue  and  the  name  of  the  state  may 
be  abbreviated. 

No.  or  ^  before  the  street  number  is  superfluous. 

If  to  a  large  town,  always  give  the  street  and  number; 
if  to  a  small  town,  give  the  county,  box  or  R.F.D.  number. 

When  writing  to  a  large  concern,  address  your  letter  to 
the  official  or  department  directly  in  charge  of  the  matter 
under  correspondence. 


Attention  of  Mr 

Traffic  Department 

If  the  address  contains  more  than  three  lines,  these  par- 
ticular designations  may  be  placed  in  the  lower  lefthand 
corner  of  the  envelope. 

The  suite  or  room  number  may  be  placed  in  the  lower 
lefthand  corner,  if  it  is  desired  to  augment  the  address. 

If  a  building  instead  of  a  street  number  be  given,  it 
may  be  written  thus : 

300  Press  Building 

Besides  the  direction,  there  may  be  written  in  the  lower 
lefthand  comer  any  of  the  following: 


Personal 

Messenger 

Private 

Deliver 

Confidential 

Introducing  Miss  Blank 

Please  forward 

Kindness  of 

Transient 

Courtesy  of 

Hold 

Favored  by 

Present 

116 

A  letter  delivered  to  another  in  the  same  building  may 
be  directed 

Messrs.  Stone  &  Davis, 

BUILDING. 

If  The  is  part  of  the  firm  name,  do  not  prefix  Messrs. ;  as, 

The  R.  D.  Jones  Company. 
Messrs.  R.  D.  Jones  &  Company. 

or 
Messrs.  Thomas  A.  Strauss  &  Company. 
Thomas  A.  Strauss  Company. 

When  the  name  of  the  street  is  a  number,  it  should  be 
written  out,  to  avoid  juxtaposition  of  numbers ;  as, 

300  Thirtieth  Street. 

When  north,  south,  east  or  west  intervenes,  it  is  not 
necessary  to  write  out;  as, 

8  West  80th  Street. 

Envelopes  should  never  be  of  so  poor  a  quality  as  to 
admit  of  reading  part  of  a  letter  through  them,  nor  so 
poorly  gummed  as  to  have  the  letter  received  unsealed  at 
its  destination,  nor  of  a  quality  so  poor  they  become  torn 
in  the  mails. 

It  is  a  disgusting  habit,  and  very  dangerous  to  health,  to 
"lick"  an  envelope  to  seal  it.  There  are  many  devices  on 
the  market,  cheap  and  cleanly,  that  may  be  substituted. 

It  is  undignified  to  have  too  much  advertising  matter 
appear  on  the  envelope. 

A  return  card  may  be  placed  in  the  upper  lefthand  cor- 
ner, e.g., 


117 

Return  in days   to 

Box 

San  Antonio,  Texas. 

Or  simply  the  name  and  address  may  be  used. 

If  there  is  no  return  card  in  the  envelope  and  the  ad- 
dressee cannot  be  found,  it  is  sent  to  the  Dead  Letter 
Office.    See  Postal. 

Put  the  stamp  on  straight,  in  the  upper  righthand 
corner. 

Lick  the  envelope,  not  the  stamp. 

Personal  may  also  be  written  across  the  back  flap  of  the 
envelope  after  it  has  been  sealed,  to  guard  against  its  be- 
ing inadvertently  opened,  while  face-down,  by  other  than 
the  person  for  whom  it  is  intended. 

It  is  a  wise  precaution  to  open  envelopes,  using  an  en- 
velope-opener, by  cutting  around  three  sides,  thus  lajing 
the  envelope  entirely  open  and  averting  any  possibility  of 
the  envelope 's  being  thrown  away  without  all  of  the  con- 
tents having  been  removed. 

General,. 

Business  letters  should  be  formal  and  brief. 
Enclosures  should  be  attached  to  the  letter. 
If  the  enclosures  are  to  go  with  the  letter,  note  in  the 
lower  lefthand  corner  how  many. 

(Enc.) 
(2  Enc.) 

It  is  discourteous  to  send  enclosures  without  an  accom- 
panying note  or  comment. 


118 

It  is  a  hard  and  fast  rule  never  to  write  on  but  one  side 
of  the  paper  in  business  correspondence. 

Intimate  letters,  or  letters  of  a  private  nature,  should 
not  be  typed. 

Letters  should  be  promptly  acknowledged. 

A  letter  received  written  in  the  third  person,  should  be 
answered  in  the  third  person. 

When  acknowledging  receipt  of  a  letter,  refer  first  to  its 
date,  and  follow  with  a  brief  summary  of  what  it  contained. 

Acknowledge  a  check  promptly,  referring  to  its  date  and 
number. 

Return  postage  should  be  enclosed  in  letters  about  one's 
own  affairs  when  a  reply  is  desired. 

Don't  typewrite  your  signature ;  don't  write  your  signa- 
ture with  a  pencil ;  use  pen  and  ink. 

Don 't  forget  to  date  your  letter. 

Don't  use  ruled  paper  for  typewritten  letters. 

Don't  send  a  typewritten  letter  except  on  business. 

Too  much  underscoring  weakens  rather  than  strengthens 
a  letter. 

The  initials  of  the  dictator  are  placed  at  the  lower  left- 
hand.  It  is  not  usual  nor  dignified  to  place  the  initials  of 
the  president  or  superior  officer  on  the  letter,  as  the  pur- 
pose of  placing  the  dictator's  and  typist's  initials  on  the 
letter  is  to  show  the  president  or  head  of  the  firm  which 
one  of  his  employees  is  responsible  for  or  has  charge  of 
the  matter  under  correspondence. 

The  initials  of  the  full  name  of  the  dictator  and  the  last 
name  of  the  typist  is  the  usual  style. 


119 


JHS-R  ABW/0  R.W.C. 

K 


Quoted  matter  is  usually  centered  and  single-spaced. 
vAs  a  telegram.) 

We  speak  of  '^ addressing  the  letter"  and  "directing  the 
envelope. ' ' 

Fold  a  large  letterhead  up  to  within  a  quarter-inch  of 
the  top,  then  in  thirds. 

There  are  many  devices  for  sealing  envelopes.  They 
should  never  be  sealed  with  the  tongue :  should  one  have 
a  cut  or  abrasion  on  the  lip,  it  might  result  disastrously. 

Postals  or  jDOstcards  should  contain  no  salutation  or 
complimentary  close — simply  dated  and  signed  with  in- 
itials. It  goes  without  saying  that  no  private,  confidential 
or  offensive  matter  should  ever  be  sent  on  postcards. 

See  Postage. 

Formal  Letter  of  Recommendation. 
Should  not  be  sealed. 

New  York,  Oct.  1,  1916. 
To  Whom  It  May  Concern  : 

This  is  to  certify  that  the  bearer,  Miss  Blank,  has 
been  in  our  employ  five  years  as  statistician,  in  which 
capacity  she  has  given  complete  satisfaction. 

(Signature.) 

Combined  Letter  of  Introduction  and 
Recommendation. 

A  letter  of  introduction,  when  to  be  presented,  should 
not  be  sealed. 


120 

Newark,  N.  J.,  Oct.  1,  1916. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Corey,  President, 
Union  Trust  Company, 
Newark,  N.  J. 
Dear  Mr.  Corey: 

This  will  introduce  to  you  the  bearer.  Miss  Blank, 
who  desires  to  apply  for  the  position  of  Private  Secre- 
tary which,  at  my  request,  you  so  kindly  have  held  open 
until  today, 

I  can  speak  only  in  the  highest  terms  of  Miss 
Blank's  character  and  ability. 

Yours  very  truly, 

John  R.  Rowe. 

The  envelope  should  bear  the  name  and  address  of  the 
person  to  whom  it  is  directed,  just  as  if  sent  by  mail,  and 
in  the  lower  lefthand  corner — 

Introducing  Miss  Blank 
It  is  courteous  to  acknowledge  a  letter  of  introduction. 
Liabilities.       See  Assets  and  Liabilities. 

Lien.  An  indebtedness,  right,  title  or  claim.    A 

mortgage  is  a  Lien. 
Mechanics  Lien — The  claim  of  mechanics  or  laborers 
for  construction  work  that  has  been  finished  but  not  paid 
for. 

Life  A  life  insurance  policy  does  not  take  effect 

Insurance.        until  the  first  premium  is  paid.    Failure  to 

pay  premiums  voids  the  policy. 

In  case  the  person  insured  commits  suicide,  or  dies  by 

the  hand  of  the  law  or  of  crime,  the  insurance  company  is 


121 

not  liable,  but  if  the  insured  should  kill  himself  while  in- 
sane the  policy  would  still  be  valid. 

The  rates  for  life  insurance  vary  with  the  age  of  the  in- 
dividual. These  rates  are  calculated  by  the  official  statisti- 
cian of  the  insurance  company,  who  is  called  the  actuary. 
The  rate,  or  commission,  paid  for  the  insurance  is  called 
the  premium. 

The  insurance  company  makes  a  physical  examination 
before  accepting  the  application  for  life  insurance  and 
applicants  should  answer  all  questions  to  the  very  best 
of  their  knowledge.  However,  a  slight,  unintentional  dis- 
crepancy does  not  invalidate  a  policy. 

Limitation,      See  Debts. 
Statutes  of. 

Limited —        See  Partnership. 
Ltd. 

Lis  Pendens.    Notice  of  a  pending  suit. 

Listed  Securities  permitted  to  be  dealt  in  on  a 

Securities.       stock  exchange.    See  Stock  Exchange. 

From  report  of  the  Hughes  Commission 
on  the  N.  Y.  Stock  Exchange,  dated  July  7, 1909 :  "Before 
securities  can  be  bought  and  sold  on  the  Exchange,  they 
must  be  examined.  The  committee  on  Stock  List  is  one  of 
the  most  important  parts  of  the  organization,  since  public 
confidence  depends  upon  the  honesty,  impartiality,  and 
thoroughness  of  its  work.  Wliile  the  Exchange  does  not 
guarantee  the  character  of  any  securities,  or  affirm  that 


122 

the  statements  filed  by  the  promoters  are  true,  it  certifies 
that  due  diligence  and  caution  have  been  used  by  experi- 
enced men  in  examining  them.  Admission  to  the  list, 
therefore,  establishes  a  presumption  in  favor  of  the  sound- 
ness of  the  security  so  admitted. ' ' 

Lloyds.  A  set  of  English  underwriters  or  subscribers 

to  marine  insurance.  When  insurance  is 
desired  on  a  vessel  or  cargo  against  loss  or  damage  at  sea, 
the  EisK  is  offered  to  the  underwriters,  who  accept  it  at 
a  specified  premium,  or  decline  it.  The  risk  is  usually 
divided  among  the  underwriters.  Lloyds  also  distributes 
authentic  infonnation  to  shippers  all  over  the  world. 

Log.  A  ship's  diary. 


1915. 

July  IGth     Left  Tort 12 :25  with  Barge 

for  southerly  eud  of  channel,  returning  to  dock 
2  :34  p.  m. 

17th    7 :30  a.   m.  went  to  Jackson's  wharf,  took  five 
tons  water,  returning  to  dock  1  p.  m. 

18th     Left  for  Key  West  with  Barge 7  a.  m. 


Extract  from  Log  of  a  Tug  Boat. 

Long  and         (Finance)     Long — A  speculator  who  has 
Short.  bought  stocks — a  "Bull";  Short — A  spec- 

ulator who  has  sold — a  "Bear". 

Manifest.         A  schedule  or  list  of  the  cargo  or  passengers 
on  a  ship. 


123 


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S  c  .2  S  "2  j=  -5 


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u 

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124 

DISTRICT  AND  PORT  OF  NEW  YORK: 

I,    ,   do   solemnly,   sincerely   and   truly 

Bwear,  that  tbe  within  manifest  contains  a  full,  Just  and  true  account  of  all  the 

Goods,   Wares  and  Merchandise  shipped  by , 

on  board  the  within  named  vessel  (or  vehicle),  and  that  the  quantities  and 
values  of  each  article  are  truly  stated,  according  to  their  actual  cost  or  the 
values  which  they  truly  bear  in  this  Port  at  this  time. 

And   I   further  swear  that  the  said   merchandise   is   truly   intended  to    be 
exported  to 


So  Help  me  God. 

Sworn  to,  this 19 

before  me. 

Collector. 
INSTRUCTIONS. 

Column  No.  1  shall  embrace  all  domestic  merchandise,  whether  exported  "in 
bond"  under  the  internal-revenue  act,  or  otherwise ;  and  also  all  manufactures 
from  foreign  products,  such  as  sugar  refined  from  foreign  sugar,  coffiwe  and 
spices  having  been  ground  or  adulterated,  etc.,  whether  exported  with  benefit  of 
drawback  or  not. 

Column  No.  2  shall  embrace  all  foreign  merchandise  "free  of  duty." 

Column  No.  3  shall  embrace  all  foreign  merchandise  exported  from  "bonded 
warehouse,"  duties  remaining  unpaid,  or  which,  having  been  paid,  are  returnable 
as  drawback. 

Column  No.  4  shall  embrace  all  foreign  merchandise  on  which  the  duties 
have  been  paid,  and  which  has  left  the  custody  of  the  ofl5cers  of  the  customs, 
provided  the  condition  of  the  merchandise  has  not  been  changed.  If  manufac- 
tured, adulterated,  or  changed  in  any  manner,  it  becomes  domestic  merchandise, 
and  must  be  classified  as  such. 

Column  No.  5  shall  embrace  all  foreign  merchandise  "In  transit"  through 
the  United   States. 

Specify  all  merchandise  in  specific  and  not  general  terms.  Do  not  use 
"fruit"  for  apples,  oranges,  prunes,  etc.,  when  green,  ripe,  or  dried,  but  if  pre- 
Kervwl  tbe  general  term  "preserved  fruit"  may  be  used,  but  it  must  be  stated 
whether  "in  cans"  or  "not  in  cans ;"  nor  "groceries"  for  tea,  coffee,  spices  sugar, 
molasses,  etc. ;  nor  "provisions"  for  hams,  bacon,  lard,  etc  ;  nor  "vegetables"  for 
beans,  onions,  potatoes,  etc.,  when  fresh  or  dried,  but  when  canned  the  general 
term  "canned  vegetables"  may  be  used ;  nor  "canned  goods"  for  canned  vege- 
tables, canned  beef,  canned  salmon,  etc.  ;  nor  "meat"  for  beef,  mutton,  pork,  etc. ; 
nor  "hardware"  unless  it  covers  locks,  hing'es,  fastenings,  or  other  builders' 
hardware,  but  specify  separately  the  articles,  such  as  tools,  saws,  kitchen  uten- 
sils, cutlery,  etc.;  nor  "machinery"  or  "machines,"  but  state  the  kind,  whether 
electrical,  printing  presses,  pumps,  typewriters,  etc.,  nor  "animals"  for  horses, 
mules,  cattle,  hogs,  etc.  ;  nor  any  other  general  term  but  specify  the  merchan- 
dise In  detail  according  to  each  particular  kind. 

In  the  case  of  cheese  be  particular  to  state  whether  filled  or  unfilled;  but- 
ter, whether  pure,  adulterated,  or  renovated  ;  and  oleomargarine,  whether  colored 
or  uncolored.  If  adulterated  or  renovated  butter  (called  also  "process"  butter), 
shippers  must  present  at  the  custom-house  with  this  manifest  a  certificate  of 
purity  Issued  by  the  United  States  inspector  of  dairy  exports. 

Specify  "quantities"  in  all  cases  whenever  possible.  State  the  kind  of  pack- 
age, whether  box,  chest,  case,  bale,  cask,  etc. 

The  face  of  the  manifest  will  conform  to  that  prescribed  in  article  129  of 
the  same  regulations,  for  the  masters  of  vessels,  except  that  the  title  of  the 
(■•dmnii  heiidfd,  "rnckagcs  and  contents  or  articles  in  bulk"  will  be  changed  to 
read,   "Packages  and  contents  with   articles  fully  described." 

Article  130,  regulations  of  1899,  is  hereby  amended. 


125 

Maintenance   A  railroad  term  used  in  reporting  the  cost 
of  of  repairs  to  or  up-keep  of  locomotives,  pas- 

Equipment,      senger  cars,  freight  cars,  shop  machinery, 
and  tools,  power  plant,  etc.,  etc. 

Maintenance  A  railroad  terai  used  in  reporting  the 
of  Ways  and  amounts  expended  for  the  up-keep  of  the 
Structures.  roadway  and  buildings,  embracing  such 
items  as  Superintendence;  ballast;  ties; 
rails ;  track  material ;  removal  of  snow,  sand  and  ice ;  tun- 
nels ;  bridges  and  trestles ;  culverts ;  over  and  undergrade 
crossings ;  grade  crossings,  fences,  cattle  guards  and  signs ; 
snow  and  sand  fences  and  snowsheds;  signal  and  inter- 
locking plants;  telegraph  and  telephone  lines;  electric 
power  transmission ;  buildings,  fixtures  and  grounds ;  docks 
and  wharves ;  roadway  tools  and  supplies ;  injuries  to  per- 
sons ;  stationery  and  printing,  and  other  expenses. 

Mandamus.      The  command  of  a  court. 

Margin.  An  allowance  or  additional  amount  set  aside 

to  meet  unforeseen  conditions. 

The  difference  between  the  price  at  which  an  article  is 
purchased  and  the  price  at  which  it  is  sold  after  providing 
for  expenses  and  profit. 

Money  or  securities  deposited  with  the  lender  in  excess 
of  the  loan. 

Dealing  on  Margin  is  the  speculating  on  the  rise  or  fall 
in  the  prices  of  securities.  If,  for  example,  one  share  of 
stock  is  being  dealt  in,  the  broker  would  require  10%  of 
the  par  value  of  the  stock  to  be  deposited  with  him  (more 


126 

than  10%  is  required  for  stocks  that  have  a  doubtful  mar- 
ket or  that  fluctuate  to  any  great  extent) .  If  the  par  value 
is  $100.,  say,  the  broker  requires  $10.  on  deposit,  from 
which  is  deducted  his  commissions  and  interest.  Assuming 
these  to  amount  to  $3.,  there  remain  $7.  margin  to  work 
on.  When  the  fluctuation  in  the  price  of  the  stock  ab- 
sorbs this  $7.,  more  margin  is  demanded  or  the  account 
closed  out.    See  Bulls  and  Bears,  Long  and  Short. 

Marine  Insurance    on    steamers,  boats,  and  their 

Insurance.       cargoes. 

Maritime         Located  in  its  own  building  on  Broad  Street, 
Exchange.       N.  Y.  City.    Membership  consists  of  those 
interested  in  the  shipping  trade. 

Mark.  See  Coins,  Foreign  Value  of. 

Maturity.         Due  date  of  notes,  bills,  bonds,  etc. 

Merger.  The  absorption  of  one  company  by  another. 

A  combination  of  one  or  more  companies. 

Mileage.  A  passenger  rate  per  mile. 

Money  Postal  money  orders  are  issued  for  any 

Orders.  desired  amount  from  1  cent  to  $100.    When 

a  larger  sum  than  $100.  is  to  be  sent,  addi- 
tional orders  can  be  obtained.  Fees  for  money  orders  pay- 
able in  the  United  States  (which  includes  Hawaii  and 
Porto  Rico)  and  its  possessions,  comprising  the  Canal 
Zone,  Guam,  the  Philippines,  and  Tutuila,  Samoa;  also  for 


127 

orders  payable  in  Bermuda,  British  Guiana,  British  Hon- 
duras, Canada,  Cuba,  Mexico,  Newfoundland,  at  the 
United  States  Postal  Agency  at  Shanghai  (China),  in  the 
Bahama  Islands  and  in  certain  other  islands  in  the  West 
Indies  are  as  follows : 

For  orders  from  $  0.01  to  $  2.50 3  cents 

from       2.50  to       5.00 5  cents 

from      5.01  to     10.00 8  cents 

from     10.01  to    20.00 10  cents 

from     20.01  to     30.00 12  cents 

from     30.01  to     40.00 15  cents 

from     40.01  to    50.00 18  cents 

from    50.01  to    60.00 20  cents 

from     60.01  to     75.00 25  cents 

from     75.01  to  100.00 30  cents 

A  money  order  drawn  in  favor  of  a  person  residing  on 
a  rural  route  may  be  paid  through  the  carrier  if  entrusted 
to  him  for  collection,  with  a  written  request  addressed  to 
the  postmaster  that  payment  be  so  made. 

The  person  presenting  a  money  order  for  payment,  or 
making  inquiry  relative  thereto,  will,  if  unknown,  be  re- 
quired to  prove  his  identity  before  payment  will  be  made, 
or  information  concerning  the  order  be  given. 

More  than  one  indorsement  on  a  money  order  is  pro- 
hibited, but  additional  signatures  may  be  affixed  for  the 
purpose  of  identifying  the  payee  or  indorsee,  or  of  guar- 
anteeing his  signature. 

A  domestic  order  which  has  not  been  paid  within  one 
year  from  the  last  day  of  the  month  of  its  issue  is  invalid, 
but  the  owner  may  secure  payment  of  the  amount  by  mak- 
ing application  to  the  Postal  Department  through  the 
postmaster  at  any  money  order  office. 

When  a  domestic  money  order  has  been  lost,  the  owner 
may,  u^oon  application  to  the  postmaster  at  any  money 


128 

order  office,  obtain  a  duplicate  to  be  issued  in  its  stead 
within  one  year  from  the  last  day  of  the  month  of  issue. 
Express  money  orders  upon  proper  identification  will 
be  cashed  by  any  agent  of  the  express  company.  The  rates 
are  the  same  as  for  Postal  money  orders. 


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Reduced  Facsimile  of  Express  Money  Order. 


Money  Transfereed  by  Telegraph — The  charges  for 
sending  money  by  telegraph  between  points  in  the  United 
States  are  as  follows: 

$25  or  less 25c. 

Over  $25  and  not  exceeding  $50 35c. 

Over  $50  and  not  exceeding  $75 60c. 

Over  $75  and  not  exceeding  $100 85e. 

For  each  $100  or  fraction  thereof  up  to  $3,000 25c. 

For  each  $100  or  fraction  thereof  over  $3,000 20c. 

In  addition  to  the  premium,  charge  for  telegraph  service 
the  tolls,  at  regular  day  rates,  on  one  (15)  word  message 
between  transfer  points. 

Examples : 
The  premium  for  a  transfer  of  $125  will  be  85c.  for  $100 

and  25c.  for  the  additional  $25,  total  $1,10. 
For  $3,000  the  premium  will  be  85c.  for  $100  and  25c.  for 

each  additional  $100,  or  a  total  of  $8.10. 
For  $3,500  the  premium  will  be  $8.10  for  $3,000  and  20c. 

for  each  additional  $100,  or  a  total  of  $9.10. 
Any   fractional  part  of  a  dollar  will  be  counted  as  a 
dollar. 

Money  may  be.  sent  by  Telegraph  and  Cable  to  all  parts 
of  the  world. 


129 

Mortgage.  A  document  under  seal,  whereunder  the 
mortgagor  (borrower)  transfers  to  the  mort- 
gagee (lender)  certain  described  property  to  be  held  as 
security  until  payment  of  the  debt.  A  wife  should  also 
sign. 

FoEM  OF  Mortgage,   Int.,  Tax,   Assess,   and  Warranty — Greater 

New  York. 

Individual  to  Individual  or  Corporation. 

XTbts  ITnDenture,  made  the 

day  of ,  m  the  year  nineteen  hundred  and 

^Between 

part of   the  first  part  and 

part of   the   second  part, 

"Mbeicne,    the    said 

justly  indebted  to  the  said  part . . .  .of  the  second 

part  in  the  sum  of lauful  money  of 

the  United  States,  secured  to  he  paid  hy certain 

bond  or  obligation  bearing  even  date  herewith,  conditioned  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  said  sum  of 

on  the day  of nineteen  hundred  and. . . . 

and  the  interest  thereon,  to  be  cwnputed  from  the  day  of  the  date  of 

this  Indenture  at  the  rate  of per  centum 

per  annum  and  to  be  paid 

ft  betng  tberebg  eipresslg  agreeO,  that  the  whole  of  the  said  prin- 
cipal sum  shall  become  due  after  default  in  the  payment  of  interest, 
taxes  or  assessments,  as  hereinafter  provided. 

"Mow  tbi0  Indenture  MitncSgetb,  that  the  said  part of  the  first 

part,  for  the  better  securing  the  payment  of  the  said  sum  of  money 
mentioned  in  the  condition  of  the  said  bond  or  obligation,  with  interest 
thereon,  and  also  for  and  in  consideration  of  one  dollar  paid  by  the  said 
part. . .  .of  the  second  part,  the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby  acknowledged, 

do hereby  grant  and  release  unto  the  said  part of  the  second 

part  and  to heirs  and  assigns, 

forever, 

mi 

^OdCtbCt  icitJt  the  appurtenances  and  all  the  estate  and  riahts  of 
the  said  part..  ..of  the  first  part  in  and  to  said  premises. 


130 

TLo  bavc  anO  to  bOlD,   the  above  granted  premises  unto  the  said 

part of  the  second  part, 

and  assigns,   forever,   

proViDcD  RlWaSB,   that  if  the  said  part of  the  first  part 

heirs,  e.rcrutors  or  administrators,  shall  pay  unto  the  said  part of 

the   second    part 

or  assigns,  the  said  sum  of  mmiey  mentioned  in  the  condition  of  the  said 
bond  or  obligation  and  the  interest  thereon  at  the  time  and  in  the  man- 
ner mentioned  in  the  said  condition  thai:  then  these  presents  and  the 
estate  hereby  granted,  shall  cease,  determine  and  be  void. 

HnD  the  said 

the  said  part of  the  first  part  covenant with  the  part of  the 

second  part  as  follows: 

First — That    

the  part of  the  first  part  will  pay  the  indebtedness  as  hereinbefore 

provided,  and  if  default  be  made  in  the  payment  of  any  part  thereof  of 

the  part of  the  second  part  shall  have)  power  to  sell  the  premises 

herein  described,  according  to  law. 

Second — And  it  is  hereby  expressHy  agreed  that  the  whole  of  said 

principal  sum  shall  become  due  at  the  option  of  the  said  part of  the 

second  part  after  default  in  the  payment  of  wny  installment  of  principal 

or  of  interest  for days,  or  after  default  in  the  payment  of 

any  tax  or  assessment for days  after  notice 

and  demand. 

Third— That    

the  part of  the  first  part  will  execute  any  further  necessary  as»ur- 

ance  of  the  title  to  said  premises  and  will  forever  warrant  said  title. 

In  TimttneSS  TKnbereof,  the  said  part of  the  first  part  ha 

hereunto  set hand and  seal the  day  and  year  first 

above  tvritten. 

In  Presence  of 

When  the  mortgagor  defaults  in  the  payment  of  either 
principal  or  interest,  the  mortgage  can  be  foreclosed  in 
accordance  with  the  conditions  of  the  mortgage,  the  prop- 
erty sold  and  the  mortgage  satisfied  from  the  proceeds 
of  sale. 

Chattel  Mortgage — A  transfer  of  the  title  to  movable 
or  personal  property,  such  as  household  furniture. 


131 


Short  Form  of  Chattel  Mortgage. 


IRnovP  all  ^en  bg  tbese  ipresents,    that  i 

of  the  town  of county  of 

"being  indebted  to in  the  smn  of 

doUurs,    tcitli    in tcrcst    from    this 

date,  for  the  security  of  said  sum,  I  do  hereby  mortgage,  sell  and  assign 

to  the  said all  the  goods  and 

chattels  of  every  kind  and  description  now  in  the  diveUing-house  situated 

in  the  toxcn  of ,  and  I  do  hereby  authorize  and 

empower  the  said to  take  possession  of  said 

goods  and  chattels  on  default  in  the  payment  of  the  said  indebtedness 

on  and  after  the day  of 19. . ..  and  to  sell 

the  same  and  to  apply  the  proceeds  of  such  sale  to  the  payment  of  sadd 
debt  and  interest,  the  surjHus  (if  any)  to  be  paid  over  to  me. 

Hn  TRIlitneSfl  Mbeteof ,  /   have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal  this 
day  of 19. .. 

Second  Mortgage — Subsidiary  to  the  prior  or  first 
mortgage. 

Blanket  Moetgage — A  mortgage  covering  several 
pieces  of  property.    Sometimes  called  a  General  Mortgage. 

As  soon  as  possible  after  the  execution  of  a  mortgage  it 
should  be  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  County  Clerk  or 
Register's  office. 

See  Assignment. 

Municipals.      Bonds  issued  by  a  village,  township,  city, 
county,  state  or  territory. 

Naturaliza-      To  Become  a  Citizen,  an  alien  shall,  at 
tion.  least  two  years  prior  to  his  admission  to 

citizenship  and  after  he  has  reached  the  age 
of  18  years,  Declare  His  Intention,  under  oath,  to  be- 
come a  citizen  of  the  United  States. 


132 

Declaration  of  Intention. 
(Invalid   for    all   purposes    seven    (7)    years   attee   the    date 

HEREOF.) 


STATE  OF... 
COUNTY  OF. 


In  the  Court 

of    

/ aged years,  occupation 

,    declare  on  oath    .,  ^,  _^.  „^..„„„„t 
do  that  my  personal 

affirm 

description  is:    Color Complexion height 

feet inches,  weight pounds,  color  of  hair 

color  of  eyes other  visible  distinctive  marks ; 

/  teas  horn  in on  the day  of 1 

/  now  reside  at I  emigrated  to  the  United 

States  of  America  from on  the  vessel ; 

my  last  foreign  residence  was It  is  my  bona  fide 

intention  to  renounce  forever  all  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  any  foreign 

prince,  potentate,  state  or  sovereignty,  and  particularly  to 

of  which  I  am  now  a  citizen  (subject) ;  I  arrived  at 

State 
the  port  of in  the  Territory  of 

District 

on  or  about  the day  of 1. . ,  ;  I  am  not  an 

anarchist;  I  am  not  a  polygamist  nor  a  believer  in  the  practice  of 
polygamy ;  and  it  is  my  intention  in  good  faith  to  become  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States  of  America  and  to  permanently  reside  therein;  So  Help 
Me  God. 


(Seal) 


Subscribed  and  ^^^^^  ^^  jg^^^g  ^g  ^^^.^ 
affirmed 


day  of  anno  Domini 1. 


Clerk  of  the Court. 


133 

No  alien  can  be  naturalized  or  admitted  as  a  citizen  of 
the  U.  S.  who  cannot  speak  the  English  language,  but  this 
does  not  prevent  him  from  taking  the  first  papers. 

He  shall  reside  in  the  United  States  at  least  five  years 
prior  to  the  date  of  his  application  for  citizenship,  and 
within  the  state  or  territory  one  year,  and  two  witnesses 
shall  make  affidavit  to  these  facts  and  that  the  applicant  is 
of  good  moral  character ;  and  he  must  be  21  years  of  age. 

White  persons  and  those  of  the  African  race  only  ad- 
mitted to  citizenship. 

Naturalization  of  alien  enemies  prohibited. 

Must  be  a  believer  in  organized  government,  not  a  poly- 
gamist,  and  must  state  he  will  support  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States. 

Must  forever  renounce  all  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  any 
foreign  prince,  potentate,  state  or  sovereignty. 

Shall  renounce  any  title  or  order  of  nobility. 

Any  woman  married  to  a  citizen  of  the  U.  S.  and  who 
might  herself  be  lawfully  naturalized  shall  be  deemed  a 
citizen. 

Any  American  woman  who  marries  a  foreigner  shall 
take  the  nationality  of  her  husband. 

Any  foreign  woman  who  marries  an  American  shall 
be  assumed  to  retain  her  American  citizenship  even  after 
the  termination  of  the  marital  relations  if  she  continue  to 
reside  in  the  United  States. 

Article  XIV,  adopted  as  an  amendment  to  the  Constitu- 
tion of  the  U.  S.  in  1868,  provides:  ''All  persons  born  or 
naturalized  in  the  United  States,  and  subject  to  the  juris- 


Ay 


134. 

diction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  of 
the  state  wherein  they  reside.  No  state  shall  make  or  en- 
force any  law  which  shall  abridge  the  privileges  or  im- 
munities of  citizens  of  the  United  States;  nor  shall  any 
state  deprive  any  person  of  life,  liberty  or  property  with- 
out due  process  of  law,  nor  deny  to  any  person  within  its 
jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws." 

Negotiable  Those  instruments  that  may  be  passed  from 
Instruments,  hand  to  hand  and  used  in  payment  of  debts. 
The  ** Negotiable  Instrument  Law,"  in  ef- 
fect in  most  of  the  states,  covers  bills  of  exchange,  notes, 
checks,  drafts,  bills  of  lading,  etc. 

.  Nil.  Nothing. 

Notary  An  officer  appointed  by  the  state  with  au- 

Public.  thority  to  attest  papers,  protest  commercial 

paper,  administer  oaths,  take  acknowledg- 
ments, etc.  In  New  York  state,  any  person  is  eligible  (ex- 
cept a  public  officer)  who  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States 
and  a  resident  of  the  state  with  a  legal  residence  in  the 
county  for  which  he  or  she  desires  to  be  appointed,  and  is 
21  years  of  age  or  over.    Term  two  years. 

License  Fees  : 

In  New  York,  Kings  or  Bronx  County $10.00 

In  a  city  of  more  than  50,000  and  less  than  000,000. . .     5.00 
Elsewhere  in  New  York  State 2.50 

Notes.  To  be  negotiable,  a  Note  must  be  in  writing 

and  signed  by  the  maker.    It  must  contain 

an  unconditional  promise  or  order  to  pay  a  certain  sum  in 


135 

money.    Must  be  payable  on  demand  or  at  a  fixed  future 
time.    Must  be  payable  to  order  or  to  bearer. 


N  E W  Yo R K.  1 9 


„ MONTHS     AFTER     DATE.     FOR    VALUE 

RECEIVED.     I     PROMISE    TO     PAY 

— - OR    ORDER. 

- - - Dollars 

with  interest. 


FoBM  OF  Negotiable  Note. 

By  endorsing  a  note,  one  transfers  an  instrument  and 
warrants  to  every  subsequent  holder  that  the  instrument 
is  genuine,  that  he  has  title  to  it,  and  that  if  not  paid  by 
the  party  primarily  liable  at  maturity,  he  will  pay  it  upon 
receiving  due  notice  of  non-payment.  To  hold  an  endorser 
liable,  the  holder,  upon  its  non-payment  at  maturity,  must 
give  prompt  notice  of  such  non-payment  to  the  endorser 
and  that  the  holder  looks  to  the  endorser  for  payment. 
Such  notice  should  be  sent  within  twenty-four  hours. 
When  an  endorser  is  thus  compelled  to  pay  he  may  hold 
prior  parties  through  whom  he  received  the  instrument 
liable  to  him  by  sending  them  prompt  notice  of  non-pay- 
ment upon  receiving  such  notice  from  the  holder.  One  who 
transfers  a  negotiable  instrument  by  delivery,  without  en- 
dorsing it,  simply  warrants  that  the  instrument  is  genuine, 
that  he  has  title  to  it,  and  knows  of  no  defense  to  it,  but 
does  not  agree  to  pay  it  if  unpaid  at  maturity. 


136 

The  maker  of  a  note  is  liable  to  pay  it,  if  unpaid  at  ma- 
turity, without  any  notice  from  the  holder  or  indorser. 
Notice  to  one  of  several  partners  is  sufficient  notice  to  all. 

A  bona  fide  holder  of  a  negotiable  instrument,  that  is, 
a  party  who  takes  an  instrument  regular  on  its  face  before 
its  maturity  pays  value  for  it  and  has  no  knowledge  of  any 
defence  to  it,  is  entitled  to  hold  the  party  primarily  liable 
responsible  for  its  payment,  despite  any  defence  he  may 
have  against  the  party  to  whom  he  gave  it,  except  such  as 
rendere^d  the  instrument  void  at  its  inception.  Thus,  if 
the  maker  of  a  note  received  no  value  for  it,  or  was  in- 
duced to  issue  through  fraud  or  imposition,  they  do  not 
defeat  the  right  of  a  bona  fide  holder  to  compel  its  pay- 
ment from  him. 

A  promissory  note  which  makes  no  mention  of  interest 
carries  none,  but  if  the  note  is  not  paid  at  maturity,  in- 
terest is  computed  at  the  legal  rate  from  the  expiration 
of  the  three  days  grace  until  the  debt  is  paid.— (tfo/?(Z  .17- 

manac.) 

Without  Recourse  written  after  the  endorsement  on 
a  Note  relieves  the  endorser  from  any  liability  if  the  maker 
does  not  pay  the  note. 

Form  of  Stock  Note. 

$ Ketv  York, 19 

(tftvr  (laic,  for   value  received promise 

to  pay  to  the  order  of 

Dollars 

xcith  interest  at per  cent,  per  annum,  payable  at 

having  deposited  icith as  collateral  security  for  payment  of  this 

or  any  other  liability  or  liabilities  of to  said 


137 

due  or  to  become  due,  or  that  may  be  hereafter  contracted,  the  following 
property,  viz.: 


The  market  value  of  which  is  now  $ with  the  right  on 

the  part  of  said from,  time  to  time  to  demand  such  addi- 
tional collateral  security  as may  deem  sufficient  should  the  marTcet 

value  thereof  decline,  and  upon failure  to  comply  with  any  such 

demand,  this  obligation  shall  forthwith  become  due,  with  full  power 

and  authority  to or assigns  in  case  of  sv/ih  default  or  of 

the  non-payment  of  any  of  the  liabilities  above  mentioned  at  m'aturity, 
to  sell,  assign  and  deliver  the  whole,  or  any  part  of  such  securities  or 
any  substitutes  therefor  or  additions  thereto  at  any  broker's  board  or  at 
public  or  private  sale,  at  their  option,  at  any  time  or  times,  thereafter 

without  advertisement  or  notice  to and  with  the  right  on 

part  to  become  purchasers  thereof,  at  such  sale  or  sales,  freed 

and  discharged  of  any  equity  of  redemption.  And  after  deducting  all 
legal  or  other  costs  and  expenses  for  collection,  sale  and  delivery,  to 
apply  the  residue  of  the  proceeds  of  such  sale  or  sales  so  made,  to  pay 

any,  either  or  all  of  said  liabilities,  as  said 

shall  deem  propei;  returning  the  overplus  to  the  undersigned;  and 
will  still  remain  liable  for  any  amonmt  so  unpaid. 

Obligation.      An  indebtedness. 

Officers.  For  duties  of  officers  of  a  company,  see  By- 

Laws. 

Option.  A  written  or  verbal  agreement,  with  or 

without  consideration,  between  parties,  giv- 
ing one  the  right  to  accept  or  decline  a  proposition  within 
a  time  limit;  e.  g.,  the  prospective  purchaser  of  a  piece  of 
land  asks  an  Option  on  it  for  thirty  days,  within  which 
time  the  prospective  seller  cannot  dispose  of  it  to  anyone 
else.    Preferential  right.    A  reservation. 


138 


19! 


For  and  in  consideration  of  the  sum  of - 

to  me  in  hand  paid,  receipt  of  which  is  hereby  acknovledged,  I- 

-hereby;  grant  to 

an  option  of  90  da^s  from  date  to  buy 


FoEM  OF  Option. 


Order.  A  written  instruction;  mandate  of  a  judge 

or  court. 


New  York, 

-19 

Mr. 

T.  J. 

Spencer, 

Please 

pay  Martin  Brown  or  or 

der, 

One 

Hundr 

ed 

Dollars  in  mere 

handise 

and 

charge 

the 

eame 

to 

the  account  of 

Walter 

Smith. 

Form  of  Obdeb  fob  Goods. 

Outlawed.        See  Notes,  Debts. 

Overdraft.       See  Checks. 

Par.  The  nominal  value  of  a  stock.   Face  value. 

Stocks  are  usually  issued  at  a  par  value  of 
$100.,  although  it  may  be  $5.00,  $10.00,  or  $50.00. 


139 

Parcel  Post  Embraces  that  known  as  Domestic  Parcel 
or  Fourth  Post  Mail  and  includes  merchandise,  farm 
Class  Matter,  and  factory  products,  seeds,  cuttings,  bulbs, 
roots,  scions  and  plants,  books  (including 
catalogs)  miscellaneous  printed  matter  weighing  more 
than  four  pounds  and  all  other  mailable  matter  not  em- 
braced in  the  first,  second  and  third  classes.  See  Postage. 
The  Domestic  Parcel  Post  offers  a  convenient,  quick, 
and  efficient  means  of  transporting  mailable  parcels  to 
any  post  office  in  the  United  States  and  its  possessions. 
The  service  reaches  more  places  than  any  other  transporta- 
tion agency.  It  brings  producers  and  consumers  into 
closer  contact,  thus  opening  the  way  to  reducing  the  high 
cost  of  living.  Special  treatment  and  advantages  are  ac- 
corded shipments  of  farm  products  weighing  between  20 
and  50  pounds.  Parcels  may  be  insured  against  loss  and 
may  be  sent  C.O.D. 

U.  S.  Paecel  Post  Rates. 

Parcels  weighing  4  ounces  or  less,  excejDt  books,  seeds, 
plants,  etc.,  one  cent  for  each  ounce  or  fraction  thereof,  any 
distance. 

Eight  ounces  or  less  containing  books,  seeds,  cuttings, 
bulbs,  roots,  scions,  and  plants,  one  cent  for  each  two 
ounces  or  fraction  thereof,  regardless  of  distance. 

More  than  eight  ounces,  containing  books,  seeds,  plants, 
etc.,  parcels  of  miscellaneous  printed  matter  weighing 
more  than  4  pounds,  and  all  other  parcels  of  fourth-class 
matter  weighing  more  than  four  ounces  are  chargeable, 
according  to  distance  or  zone,  at  the  pound  rates  shown  in 


140 


the  following  table,  a  fraction  of  a  pound  being  considered 
a  full  pound. 


Pound  Rates, 


Weight 

ZONES 

Jn 
Pounds 

Local 

1st 

2nd 

3rd 

4th 

5th 

6th 

7th 

8th 

Up  to 

50  to 

150  to 

300  to 

600  to 

1000  to 

1400  to 

Over 

50 

150 

300 

600 

1000 

1400 

1800 

1800 

miles 

miles 

miles 

miles 

miles 

miles 

miles 

miles 

1 

80.05 

$0.05 

$0.05 

$0.06 

$0.07 

$0.08 

$0.09 

$0.11 

$0.12 

2 

.06 

.06 

.06 

.08 

.11 

.14 

.17 

.21 

.24 

3 

.06 

.07 

.07 

.10 

.15 

.20 

.25 

.31 

.36 

4 

.07 

.08 

.08 

.12 

.19 

.26 

.33 

.41 

.48 

5 

.07 

.09 

.09 

.14 

.23 

.32 

.41 

.51 

.60 

6 

.08 

.10 

.10 

.16 

.27 

.38 

.49 

.61 

.72 

7 

.08 

.11 

.11 

.18 

.31 

.44 

.57 

.71 

.84 

8 

.09 

.12 

.12 

.20 

.35 

.50 

.65 

.81 

.96 

9 

.09 

.13 

.13 

.22 

.39 

.56 

.73 

.91 

1.08 

10 

.10 

.14 

.14 

.24 

.43 

.62 

.81 

1.01 

1.20 

11 

.10 

.15 

.15 

.26 

.47 

.68 

.89 

1.11 

1.32 

12 

.11 

.16 

.16 

.28 

.51 

.74 

.97 

1.21 

1.44 

13 

.11 

.17 

.17 

.30 

.55 

.80 

1.05 

1.31 

1.56 

14 

.12 

.18 

.18 

.32 

.59 

.86 

1.13 

1.41 

1.68 

15 

.12 

.19 

.19 

.34 

.63 

.92 

1.21 

1.51 

1.80 

16 

.13 

.20 

.20 

.36 

.67 

.98 

1.29 

1.61 

1.92 

17 

.13 

.21 

.21 

.38 

.71 

1.04 

1.37 

1.71 

2.04 

18 

.14 

.22 

.22 

.40 

.75 

1.10 

1.45 

1.81 

2.16 

19 

.14 

.23 

.23 

.42 

.79 

1.16 

1.53 

1.91 

2.28 

20 

.15 

.24 

.24 

.44 

.83 

1.22 

1.61 

2.01 

2.40 

21 

.15 

.25 

.25 

22 

.16 

.26 

.26 

23 

.16 

.27 

.27 

24 

.17 

.28 

.28 

2u 

.17 

.29 

.29 

26 

.18 

.30 

.30 

27 

.18 

.31 

.31 

28 

.19 

.32 

.32 

29 

.19 

.33 

.33 

ZONES— PARCEL   POST   GUIDE   AND   MAPS. 

30 

.20 

.34 

.34 

For  parcel  post  purposes  the  United  States  is  divided 
into  units  of  area  tnirty  minutes  equare.    Such  units 

31 

.20 

.35 

.35 

32 

.21 

.36 

.36 

form  the  basis  of  the  eight  postal  zones.    To  ascertain  in 

33 

.21 

.37 

.37 

which  zone  a  post  office  is  located  from  the  office  of  mail- 

34 

.22 

.38 

.38 

ing,  a  parcel  post  guide,  costing  65  cents,  and  map, 

35 

.22 

.39 

.39 

costing  20  cents,  are  jointly  used.    The  guide  applies  to 

36 

.23 

.40 

.40 

all  offices,  but  a  separate  map  is  required  for  each  unit. 
A  zone  key  is  furnished  with  the  guide  for  use  in  the 

37 

.23 

.41 

.41 

38 

.24 

.42 

.42 

units  of  area  in  which  some  of  the  largest  post  offices 

39 

.24 

.43 

.43 

are  located,  and  makes  the  map  for  tho.se  units  unneces- 

40 

.25 

.44 

.44 

sary.    The  guide  and  maps  may  be  purchased  by  sending 

41 

.25 

.45 

.45 

a  money  ordiT  to  the  Third  Assistant  Postmaster  Gen- 

42 

.26 

.46 

.46 

eral,  Washington,  D.  C.    Stamps  are  not  accepted. 

43 

.26 

.47 

.47 

44 

.27 

.48 

.48 

45 

.27 

.49 

.49 

46 

.28 

.50 

.50 

47 

.28 

.51 

.51 

48 

.29 

.52 

.52 

49 

.29 

.53 

.53 

50 

..30 

..54 

.54 

The  limit  of  weight  of  fourth-class  matter  is  50  pounds 
for  parcels  mailed  for  delivery  within  the  first  and  second 


141 

zones,  and  20  pounds  for  all  other  zones.  (Subject  to 
change). 

The  size  of  a  parcel  may  not  exceed  72  inches  in  length 
and  girth  combined.  In  measuring  a  parcel,  the  greatest 
distance  in  a  straight  line  between  the  ends  (but  not  around 
the  parcel)  is  taken  as  its  length,  while  the  distance  around 
the  parcel  at  its  thickest  part  is  taken  as  its  girth.  For 
example,  a  parcel  35  inches  long,  10  inches  wide,  and  5 
inches  high  measures  65  inches  in  length  and  girth  com- 
bined. 

A  parcel  of  fourth-class  matter  will  not  be  accepted  for 
mailing  unless  it  bears  the  name  and  address  of  the 
SENDER,  which  should  be  preceded  by  the  word  **From." 

Ordinary  or  parcel  post  stamps  are  valid. 

Parcels  subject  to  Zone  rates  must  be  mailed  at  the 
General  Post  Office  or  a  branch. 

Parcels  must  be  prepared  for  mailing  in  such  manner 
that  the  contents  can  be  easily  examined. 

Parcel-post  matter  can  not  be  registered,  but  may  be 
insured  against  loss  upon  payment  of  small  fee. 

Parcel-post  packages  may  be  sent  "Special  Delivery." 

Envelopes  of  weak  or  unsubstantial  paper  should  not 
be  used. 

Harmful  articles  not  absolutely  excluded  from  the  mails, 
but  which,  from  their  form  or  nature,  might,  unless  prop- 
erly secured,  destroy,  deface  or  othei-wise  damage  the  con- 
tents of  the  mail  bag,  or  harm  the  person  of  anyone  en- 
gaged in  the  postal  service,  may  be  transmitted  in  the  mails 
only  when  packed  in  accordance  with  postal  regulations. 


142 

Partnership.    An  alliance  between  two  or  more  persons 
who  agree  to  invest  their  time,  labor  and 
means,  sharing  the  profit  or  loss  that  may  be  the  outcome 
of  the  enterprise. 

** Limited"  partnership  or  company  is  one  wherein  the 
liability  of  the  members  or  shareholders  for  the  debts  of 
the  company  is  limited  to  an  amount  equalling  the  shares 
they  hold  or  capital  they  have  put  in.  A  company  whose 
liabilities  are  limited  to  the  amount  of  its  capital  stock. 

Form  of  Articles  of  Co-partnership. 

HrtlCle   of   Bgrcement,  made  the day  of 

one  thousand  nine  hundred  and 

JBetwecn  

party  of  the  first  part,  and 

party  of  the  second  part,  as  follows,  

The  said  parties  above  named  have  agreed  to  become  co-partners  in 

business,  

and  by  these  presents  do  agree  to  be  co-partners  together  under  and  by 

the  name  or  firm,  of 

in  the  buying,  selling  and  vending  of  all  sorts  of  goods,  wares  and  mer- 
chandise to  the  said  business  belonging,  and  to  occupy  the 

their  co-partnership  to  commence  on  the day  of 

19. . .,  and  to  continue 

and  to  that  end  and  purpose  the  said 


to  be  used  and  employed  in  common  between  them  for  the  support  and 
management  of  the  said  business,  to  their  mutual  benefit  and  advantage. 

Hn^it  is  agreed  by  and  between  the  parties  to  these  presents  that  at 
all  times  during  the  continuance  of  their  co-partnership,  they  and  each 
of  them  will  give  their  attendance,  and  do  their  and  each  of  their  best 
endeavors,  and  to  the  utmost  of  their  slcill  and  power  exert  themselves 
for  their  joint  interest,  profit,  benefit  and  advantage,  and  truly  employ, 
buy,  sell,  and  merchandise  with  their  joint  stock,  and  the  increase  there- 
of, in  the  business  aforesaid. 

Hn^^lSO  that  they  shall  and  will  at  all  times  during  the  said  co- 
partnership, hear,  pay,  and  discharge  equally  between  them,  all  rents, 


143 

and  other  expenses  that  may  he  required  for  the  support  and  manage- 
ment of  the  said  business;  and  that  all  gains,  profit  and  increase  that 
shall  come,  grow  or  arise  from  or  by  means  of  their  said  business,  shall 
be  divided  between  them,  and  all  loss  that  shall  happen  to  their  joint 
business  by  ill  commodities,  bad  debts  or  otherwise,  shall  be  borne  and 
paid  beticeen  them. 

?lnO  it  is  agreed  by  and  beticeen  the  said  parties,  that  there  shall  be 
had  and  kept  at  all  times  during  the  continuance  of  their  co-partnership, 
perfect,  just,  and  true  books  of  account,  wherein  each  of  the  said  co- 
partners shall  enter  and  set  down  as  tcell  all  money  by  them  or  either  of 
them  received,  paid,  laid  out  and  expended  in  and  about  the  said  busi- 
ness, as  also  all  goods,  wares,  commodities  and  merchandise,  by  them 
or  either  of  them  bought  or  sold,  bty  reason  or  on  account  of  the  said 
business,  and  all  other  matters  and  things  whatsoever,  to  the  said  busi- 
ness and  the  management  thereof  in  anyicise  belonging;  which  said 
book  shall  be  used  in  common  beticeen  the  said  co-partners,  so  that 
either  of  them  may  have  access  thereto,  without  any  interruption  or 
hindrance  of  the  other. 

2HnJ)  also,  the  said  co-partners,  once  in 

or  oftener  if  necessary,  shall  make,  yield  and  render,  each  to  the  otlier, 
a  true,  just,  and  perfect  inventory  and  account  of  all  profits  and  in- 
crease by  them,  or  either  of  them,  made,  and  all  losses  by  them,  or  either 
of  them,  sustained;  and  also  all  payments,  receipts,  disbursements  and 
all  other  things  by  them  made,  received,  disbursed,  acted,  done,  or 
suffered  in  this  said  co-partnership  and  business;  and  the  same  account 
so  made  shall  and  will  clear,  adjust,  pa:y  and  deliver,  each  to  the  other, 
at  the  time  their  just  share  of  the  profits  so  made  as  aforesaid. 

HnD  the  said  parties  hereby  mutually  covenant  and  agree,  to  and 
with  each  other,  that  during  the  continuance  of  the  said  co-partnership, 
neither  of  them  shall  nor  tcill  endorse  any  note,  or  otherwise  become 
surety  for  any  person  or  persons  whomsoever,  without  consent  of  the 
other  of  the  said  co-partners.  And  at  the  end  or  other  sooner  termina- 
tion of  their  co-partnership  the  said  co-partners,  each  to  the  other,  shall 
and  will  make  a  true,  just  and  final  account  of  all  things  relating  to 
their  said  business,  and  in  all  things  truly  adjust  the  same;  and  all  and 
every  the  stock  and  stocks,  as  well  as  the  gains  and  increase  thereof, 
which  shall  appear  to  be  remaining,  either  in  money,  goods,  wares,  fix- 
tures, debts  or  otherwise,  shall  be  divided  between  them. 


A  partnership  may  be  dissolved  in  accordance  with  the 
Articles  of  Co-partnership,  by  the  death  or  insanity  of 
one  of  the  partners,  or  decree  of  court. 

Party  Wall.     One  wall  separating  adjoining  land  owned 
by  different  parties  used  by  both  estates. 

Pass  Book.  A  book  furnished  by  a  bank  to  its  depositors 
in  which  is  shown  entries  made  to  the  credit 
of  their  accounts.  It  is  balanced  at  intervals  to  show  the 
debits,  or  amounts  that  have  been  paid  out,  and  the  can- 
celled checks  which  show  these  debits  are  returned  (except 
by  savings  banks)  to  the  depositor  at  the  time  his  book 
is  balanced. 

Passport.  Permits  furnished  to  citizens  of  the  United 
States  to  travel  unmolested  in  foreign  coun- 
tries. Can  only  be  issued  by  the  Secretary  of  State  of 
the  United  States  at  Washington  and  Ministers  or  other 
diplomats  representing  the  United  States  abroad. 

Patent.  Letters  Patent  are  a  grant,  issued  by  the 

Commissioner  of  Patents  of  The  United 
States  of  America  at  Washington,  D.  C,  of  the  exclusive 
right  of  an  inventor  (his  heirs  or  assigns)  to  make,  use 
and  vend  his  invention  throughout  the  United  States  and 
the  Territories  thereof  for  a  period  of  seventeen  years. 

Per  Diem.        Per  day.    By  the  day. 

Per  Se.  By  itself,  or  himself. 


145 

Personal  Lares  and  Penates.    Chattels.      Property 

Property.         not  real  estate. 

Petty  Cash      A  book  used  to  keep  account  of  small  dis- 
Book.  bursements,  such  as  towel  supply,  stamps, 

soap,  etc.,  etc. 

Physical  (Railroad)  Condition  of  the  railroad  prop- 

Condition,        erty,    structures    and   buildings,    roadbed, 
equipments,  etc. 

Plant  The  buildings,  machinery,  appliances,  etc., 

used  in  the  conduct  of  a  manufacturing  or 
other  business. 

Point.  One  per  cent. 

Postage. 

Classification  and  Rates  op  Postage. 

Domestic  Mail  Matter  includes  mail  addressed  for  local 
delivery,  or  for  transmission  from  one  place  to  another 
within  the  United  States,  or  to  or  from  or  between  the 
possessions  of  the  United  States,  and  to  that  for  transmis- 
sion to  or  from  the  United  States  or  its  possessions  and 
officers  or  members  of  crews  of  United  States  naval  ves- 
sels, and  to  or  from  the  United  States  postal  agency  at 
Shanghai,  China,  and  to  officers  and  men  of  the  United 
States  Navy  in  the  United  States  Naval  Hospital  at  Yoko- 
hama, Japan,  and  is  divided  into  four  classes :  Fiest,  Sec- 
ond, Third  and  Fourth.    See  Parcel  Post. 


146 

Domestic  rates  and  conditions,  with  certain  exceptions, 
apply  to  mail  addressed  to  Canada,  Cuba,  Mexico,  and  the 
Republic  of  Panama.  The  domestic  rates  apply  also  to  let- 
ters, but  not  to  other  articles,  addressed  to  Great  Britain, 
Ireland,  Newfoundland,  Bahamas,  Barbadoes,  British 
Honduras,  Dutch  West  Indies,  Leeward  Islands,  and  to 
letters  for  Germany  dispatched  only  by  steamers  which 
sail  direct  to  German  ports. 

Prepayment  of  Postage  on  domestic  matter  at  time  of 
mailing,  by  stamps  affixed,  is  required.  By  special  permis- 
sion, however,  postage  on  matter  of  the  third  and  fourth 
classes  mailed  in  quantities  of  not  less  than  2,000  identical 
pieces  may  be  paid  in  money. 

Concealed  Mattee.  Matter  of  a  higher  class  inclosed 
with  matter  of  a  lower  class  subjects  the  whole  to  the  higher 
rate.  Persons  knowingly  concealing  or  inclosing  matter 
of  a  higher  class  in  that  of  a  lower  class,  for  the  purpose 
of  evading  payment  of  the  proper  postage,  are  liable  to  a 
fine  of  not  more  than  $100. 

First-Class  Matter. 

First-Class  Matter  Includes  written  matter,  namely: 
Letters,  postal  cards,  post  cards  (private  mailing  cards), 
and  all  matter  wholly  or  partly  in  writing,  whether  sealed 
or  unsealed  (except  manuscript  copy  accompanying  proof- 
sheets  or  corrected  proof-sheets  of  the  same  and  the  writ- 
ing authorized  by  law  on  matter  of  other  classes).  Also 
matter  sealed  or  otherwise  closed  against  inspection. 

Rates  of  Postage.    Letters  and  other  first-class  matter 


147 

TWO  CENTS  for  each  ounce  or  fraction  thereof.    Post  cards 
and  postal  cards  one  cent  each. 

*'Drop  Letters/^  addressed  for  delivery  at  the  office 
where  mailed,  one  cent  for  each  ounce  or  fraction  thereof 
when  deposited  at  post  offices  where  letter  carrier  service 
is  not  established.  Letters  addressed  to  patrons  served  by 
rural  or  star  route  carriers,  or  deposited  in  boxes  along 
such  routes,  are  subject  to  postage  at  the  rate  of  two  cents 
an  ounce  or  fraction  thereof.  There  is  no  drop  rate  on 
mail  other  than  letters. 

The  Limit  of  Weight  of  first-class  matter  is  four 
pounds. 

Second-Class  Matter. 

Second-Class  Matter  Includes  newspapers  and  period- 
icals bearing  notice  of  entry  as  second-class  matter.  Xo 
limit  of  weight  is  prescribed. 

Rate  of  Postage.  Newspapers  and  periodical  publica- 
tions ot  the  second  class,  when  sent  unsealed  by  others  than 
the  publisher  or  a  news  agent,  one  cent  for  each"  four 
ounces^  or  fraction  thereof,  on  each  separately  addressed 
copy  or  package  of  unaddressed  copies.  To  be  entitled 
to  this  rate  the  copies  must  be  complete.  Incomplete 
copies  are  third-class  matter. 

Additions  to  Second-Class  Matter.  On  the  wrapper, 
or  the  matter  itself,  there  may  be  written  or  printed:  (1) 
the  name  and  address  of  the  sender,  preceded  by  the  word 
"from";  (2)  the  name  and  address  of  the  person  to  whom 
sent;  (3)  the  words  "sample  copy",  or  "marked  copy", 
or  both,  as  the  case  may  be. 


148 

On  the  matter  itself  the  sender  may  place  all  that  is  per- 
mitted on  the  wrapper ;  correct  typographical  errors  in  the 
text ;  designate  by  marks,  not  by  words,  a  word  or  passage 
in  the  text  to  which  it  is  desired  to  call  attention. 

Other  writing  will  subject  the  package  to  the  first-class 
rate. 

Third-Class  Matter. 

Third-Class  Matter  Embraces  circulars,  newspapers 
and  periodicals  not  admitted  to  the  second-class,  nor  em- 
braced in  the  term  "book",  miscellaneous  printed  matter 
on  paper  not  having  the  nature  of  an  actual  personal  cor- 
respondence, proof-sheets,  corrected  proof-sheets,  and 
manuscript  copy  accompanying  the  same,  and  matter  in 
point  print  or  raised  characters  used  by  the  blind.  (Books 
are  included  in  fourth-class  or  parcel  post  mail.) 

Typewriting  and  carbon  and  letter-press  copies  thereof 
are  the  equivalent  of  hand-writing  and  are  classed  as  such 
in  all  cases.  Matter  produced  by  the  photographic  process 
( including  blue  prints ) ,  is  printed  matter.  Matter  printed 
on  material  other  than  paper  is  fourth-class. 

Circulars.  A  circular  is  a  printed  letter  sent  in  identical 
terms  to  several  persons.  It  may  bear  a  written,  typewrit- 
ten, or  hand-stamped  date,  name  and  address  of  person 
addressed  and  of  the  sender,  and  correction  of  mere  typo- 
graphical errors.  "When  a  name  (except  that  of  the  ad- 
dressee or  sender),  date  (other  than  that  of  the  circular), 
or  anything  else  is  handwritten  or  typewritten  in  the  body 
of  a  circular  for  any  other  reason  than  to  correct  a  genuine 
typographical  error,  the  circular  is  subject  to  postage  at 
the  first-class  (letter)  rate,  whether  sealed  or  unsealed. 


149 

Reproductions  or  imitations  of  handwriting  and  type- 
writing obtained  by  means  of  the  printing  press,  neostyle, 
multigraph,  or  similar  mechanical  process  will  be  treated 
as  third-class  matter,  provided  they  are  mailed  at  the  j^ost 
office  or  other  depository  designated  by  the  postmaster  in 
a  minimum  number  of  20  identical,  unsealed  coj^ies.  If 
mailed  elsewhere  or  in  less  quantity,  they  will  be  subject 
to  the  first-class  rate. 

Matter  for  the  Blind.  Letters  and  reading  matter  for 
the  blind  are  transmissible  in  the  mails  under  certain  con- 
ditions at  special  rates,  which  may  be  ascertained  from  the 
postmaster. 

The  Rate  of  Postage  on  unsealed  third-class  matter  is 

ONE  cent  for  each  TWO  OUNCES  OR  FRACTION  THEREOF,  OU 

each  individually  addressed  piece  or  package. 

The  Limit  of  Weight  of  third-class  matter  is  four 
pounds.  Parcels  of  printed  matter  weighing  more  than 
four  pounds  which  do  not  exceed  the  limit  of  weight  and 
size  for  fourth-class  matter  come  within  that  class  and  are 
mailable  at  the  parcel  post  rates. 

Additions  to  Third-Class  Matter.  On  the  wrapper, 
envelope,  or  the  tag  or  label  attached  thereto,  or  upon  the 
matter  itself,  in  addition  to  the  name  and  address  of  the 
addressee,  there  may  be  written  or  printed  the  name,  occu- 
pation, and  residence,  or  business  address,  of  the  sender 
preceded  by  the  word  •  *  from ' '.  There  may  also  be  placed 
on  the  wrapper,  envelope,  tag,  or  label,  either  written  or 
otherwise,  the  inscription  "Do  not  open  until  Christmas", 
or  words  to  that  effect,  and  any  printed  matter  mailable  as 


150 

third-class,  but  there  must  be  left  on  the  address  side  a 
space  sufficient  for  a  legible  address,  postmark  and  the 
necessary  j^ostage  stamps. 

The  words  ''Please  send  out",  or  "Post  up",  or  other 
similar  directions  or  requests,  not  a  part  of  the  address, 
nor  necessarily  to  effect  delivery,  may  not  be  placed  upon 
the  wrapper  of  third-class  matter  or  upon  the  matter  itself 
without  subjecting  it  to  postage  at  the  letter  rate. 

On  the  matter  itself  the  sender  may  place  all  that  is  per- 
mitted on  the  wrapper,  and  may  make  marks  other  than  by 
written  or  printed  words  to  call  attention  to  any  word  or 
passage  in  the  text,  and  may  correct  any  typographical 
errors.  There  may  also  be  written  or  printed  upon  any 
photograph,  or  other  matter  of  the  third-class,  a  simple 
manuscript  dedication  or  inscription  not  in  the  nature  of 
personal  correspondence.  Such  words  as  "Dear  Sir", 
"My  dear  friend",  "Yours  truly",  "Sincerely  yours", 
"Merry  Christmas",  "Happy  New  Year",  and  "With 
best  wishes",  written  upon  third-class  matter,  are  per- 
missible inscriptions.  A  serial  number  written  or  im- 
pressed upon  third-class  matter  does  not  affect  its  classi- 
fication. 

Written  designation  of  contents,  such  as  "printed  mat- 
ter", "i^hoto",  is  permissible  upon  the  wrapper  of  third- 
class  matter. 

Inclosures.  A  single  card  bearing  the  written  name  and 
address  of  the  sender,  or  an  envelope  bearing  a  written 
or  printed  name  and  address  of  the  sender,  may  be  inclosed 
with  a  circular  or  other  third-class  matter  without  affect- 
ing its  classification. 


151 

Hand-stamped  imprints  on  third-class  matter  will  not 
affect  its  classification  except  when  the  added  matter  is  in 
itself  personal  or  converts  the  original  matter  into  a  per- 
sonal communication ;  in  the  latter  case,  however,  the  mail- 
ing at  one  time  at  the  post  office  window  or  other  deposit- 
ory designated  by  the  postmaster  of  not  less  than  20  iden- 
tical, unsealed  copies  will  be  sufficient  evidence  of  imper- 
sonal character  to  entitle  such  matter  to  the  third-class 
rate. 

Corrections  in  proof-sheets  include  the  alteration  of  the 
text  and  insertion  of  new  matter,  as  well  as  the  correction 
of  tyiJograj)hical  and  other  errors;  include  also  marginal 
instructions  to  the  printer  necessary  to  the  correction  of 
the  matter  or  its  proper  appearance  in  print.  Part  of  an 
article  may  be  entirely  rewritten  if  that  be  necessary  for 
correction.  Corrections  should  be  upon  the  margin  of  or 
attached  to  the  jDroof-sheets.  Manuscript  of  one  article 
cannot  be  inclosed  with  proof  or  corrected  proof-sheets  of 
another  except  at  the  first-class  rate. 

FouKTH- Class  Matter. 
See  Parcel  Post. 

Because  of  carelessness  in  addressing  and  preparing 
matter  for  mailing,  or  failure  of  sender  to  j^lace  his  or  her 
name  and  address  on  it,  millions  of  letters  and  other  pieces 
of  mail  which  cannot  be  delivered  or  returned  to  sender, 
are  each  year  sent  to  the  Division  of  Dead  Letters.  The 
practice  of  some  business  concerns  of  omitting  street  num- 
bers, etc.,  from  their  stationery  and  advertisements  results 
in  increasing  the  volume  of  insufficiently  addressed  mail. 


152 


After  —  days  return  to 
John  C.  Smith, 

146  State  St.. 
Wilkesville,  N.  Y. 


MR.  FRANK  B.  JONES, 
2416  Front  Street, 
OSWEGO, 

OHIO. 


After  —  days  return  to 

John  C.  Smith, 

Rural  Route  No.  1, 

Wilkesville,  N.  Y. 


Stamp. 


MR.  FRANK  B.  JONES, 
Rural  Route  No.  3, 
OSWEGO, 

OHIO, 


Model  Forms  of  Addbesses. 


Write  plainly  the  name  of  the  person  addressed,  street 
and  number,  or  number  of  rural  route,  post  office  and  state 
in  full.  When  the  name  of  the  state  is  abbreviated,  fre- 
quently Va.  and  Pa.,  Md.  and  Ind.,  Colo,  and  Cal.,  Miss, 
and  Minn.,  and  others  are  confused  and  mail  missent,  as 
post  offices  of  the  same  name  are  located  in  several  states. 
See  Abbreviations. 

Do  not  abbreviate  or  use  lead  pencil. 

Unmailable  domestic  matter  includes :  address  defective, 
postage  not  prepaid,  overweight  and  oversize,  game  killed 


153 

or  offered  in  violation  of  law,  meat  and  meat-food  prod- 
ucts, nursery  stock  without  required  certificate  of  inspec- 
tion or  exemption;  poisons,  liquors,  live  animals,  fowls, 
etc.;  tinsel  and  glass  (unless  properly  wrapped  or  en- 
closed); obscene  and  indecent  matter;  defamatory,  dun- 
ning, etc. ;  lottery  and  fraud. 

Postage  stamps  are  sold  in  denominations  of  1,  2,  3,  4,  5, 
6,  7,  8,  9,  10,  12,  15,  20,  30  and  50-cent;  1,  2  and  5-dollar; 
and  10-cent  special  delivery. 

When  stamps  are  affixed  to  mail  so  that  one  overlies  an- 
other concealing  part  of  its  surface,  the  stamp  thus  covered 
is  not  taken  into  account  in  prepayment. 

General  Delivery.  The  general  delivery  is  intended 
for  the  use  of  only  those  patrons  who  are  not  permanently 
located  or  who  cannot,  for  good  and  sufficient  reasons,  re- 
ceive mail  by  carrier  or  through  a  post  office  box.  The 
general  delivery  should  not  be  used  where  it  is  possible  to 
receive  mail  otherwise.  Persons  intending  to  remain  for 
thirty  days  or  more  in  a  city  having  carrier  service  should 
file  their  names  and  street  address  at  the  post  office  so  that 
their  mail  may  be  delivered  by  carrier. 

Persons  applying  for  mail  at  the  general  delivery  win- 
dow, if  unknown,  may  be  required  to  prove  their  identity, 
and  residents  of  cities  having  carrier  service  who  call  at 
the  general  delivery  may  be  required  to  furnish  a  statement 
as  to  name  and  address  and  reason  for  calling  at  post  office 
for  mail  instead  of  receiving  it  by  carrier. 

Post  Office  Boxes  are  provided  for  the  convenience  of 
the  public  in  the  delivery  of  mail.     Box  rents  must  be  paid 


154 

quarterly  in  advance.  The  use  of  a  box  is  restricted  to  one 
individual,  family,  firm,  or  corporation. 

The  renter  of  a  box  may  have  delivered  through  it  mail 
for  his  family,  guests,  transient  boarders,  employees  who 
are  members  of  his  household,  and,  for  a  period  not  to 
exceed  thirty  days,  mail  of  a  person  addressed  in  his  care. 

A  box  rented  by  a  firm  may  be  used  for  the  delivery  of  its 
mail,  and  by  the  consent  of  each  member  of  the  firm,  the 
individual  mail  of  each,  of  his  household,  and  of  the  firm's 
office  employees. 

A  box  rented  by  a  corporation,  association,  or  society 
may  be  used  for  the  delivery  of  mail  addressed  to  it  and 
its  officials. 

Boxes  rented  by  schools,  colleges,  or  public  institutions, 
if  consistent  with  the  rules  and  usage  thereof,  may  be  used 
for  the  delivery  of  mail  addressed  to  officers,  students,  em- 
ployees and  inmates. 

Husband  or  Wife.  Neither  husband  nor  wife  can  con- 
trol the  delivery  of  mail  addressed  to  the  other  against  the 
wishes  of  the  one  to  whom  it  is  addressed.  In  the  absence 
of  instructions  to  the  contrary,  the  wife's  letters  will  be 
placed  in  the  husband's  box  and  delivered  to  him  with  his 
letters,  unless  they  be  Imown  to  live  separately. 

Wrong  Delivery.  A  person  receiving  mail  not  in- 
tended for  him  should  return  it  promptly  to  the  post  office 
for  proper  disposition.  If  such  mail  has  been  opened  by 
mistake  it  should  be  endorsed, ' '  Opened  by  mistake ' ',  with 
the  signature  of  the  person  receiving  it. 

Special  Delivery  Service  is  the  prompt  delivery  of 


155 

mail  by  messenger  during  prescribed  hours  to  persons  who 
reside  within  the  carrier  limits  of  city  delivery  offices,  to 
patrons  of  rural  service  who  reside  more  than  one  mile 
from  post  offices  but  within  one-half  mile  of  rural  routes, 
and  to  residents  within  one  mile  of  any  post  office.  Spe- 
cial delivery  mail  is  not  expedited  in  transit  between  post 
offices. 

RECAI.L  OF  Mail.  "When  the  sender  of  a  letter  desires 
to  recall  it,  his  application  must  be  submitted  to  the  post- 
master at  the  office  of  mailing. 

Undelivekable  Letters  and  Sealed  Parcels  (First- 
Class  Matter),  which  cannot  be  delivered  to  addressees  or 
returned  to  senders,  are  sent  to  the  Division  of  Dead  Let- 
ters for  disposal.  Such  matter  includes  unclaimed,  mis- 
directed, unaddressed  and  insufficiently  prepaid  letters  and 
those  directed  to  initials  only  or  to  fictitious  persons. 
Letters  are  opened  and  returned  to  writers,  if  practicable, 
except  such  as  contain  advertising  matter  only,  the  return 
of  which  is  not  requested.  If  valuable  inclosures  are 
found,  a  record  is  made,  and  if  not  returned  at  once  to  the 
owner,  they  may  be  reclaimed  within  four  years  from  the 
date  of  their  receipt. 

Undeliverable  Parcels  of  Third  and  Fourth-Class 
Matter  of  obvious  value  which  cannot  be  returned  to  the 
sender,  and  articles  found  loose  in  the  mails,  except  money 
and  postage  stamps,  are  sent  to  the  post  office  at  the  head- 
quarters of  the  division  of  the  Railway  Mail  Service  in 
which  the  parcels  or  articles  are  detained,  where  they  are 
held  for  twelve  months,  subject  to  inquiry,  after  which 


156 

they  cannot  be  reclaimed.  Matter  addressed  to  foreign 
countries  mailed  in  violation  of  law  or  treaty  stipulation 
is  sent  to  the  Division  of  Dead  Letters. 

APPROXIMATE  TIME  OF  MAILS  FROM  NEW  YORK 

This  table  shows  the  transit  time  (approximately  by  through  trains)  of  letter  mails  de- 
Bpatched  from  the  New  York  Post  Office.  About  two  or  three  hours  additional  should  be 
allowed  for  handling  the  mails  and  conveying  them  between  post  offices  and  railroad  stations. 


Name  of  Place 


Alabama. 

Birmingham 

Montgomery... . 
Arizona 

Phoenix 

Prescott 

Arkansas 

Hot  Springs 

Little  Rock 

California 

Fresno 

Los  Angeles 

Pasadena 

Sacramento 

San  Diego 

San  Francisco. . . 

San  Jose 

Colorado 

Colorado  Springs 

Denver 

Connecticut 

Bridgeport 

Hartford 

New  Haven 

Stamford 

Florida 

Jacksonville 

Key  West 

Miami 

Tallahassee 

Georgia 

Atlanta 

Columbus 

Savannah 

Idaho 

Boise  City 

Illinois 

Chicago 

Danville 

Peoria 

Rockford 

Springfield 

Indiana 

Indianapolis 

Iowa 

Des  Moines 

Sioux  City 

Kansas 

Kansas  City 

Topeka 

Kentucky 

Frankfort 

Louisville 


Hours 


32 
32 

76 
83 

37 
33 

92 
92 
92 
82 
102 
85 
87 

57 
52 

IM 

2 

134 

29 
48 
43 
32 

26 
32 
30 

70 

24 

29 
28 
28 
30 

19 

35 

42 

32 
34 

31 
24 


Name  of  Place 


Louisiana 

New  Orleans. . 

Shreveport 

Maine 

Augusta 

Portland 

Maryland 

Baltimore 

MAS.SACHU8ETT8 

Boston 

Lowell 

Springfield. . .  . 

Worcester 

Michigan 

Detroit 

Grand  Rapids 
Minnesota 

Duluth....  . . . 

Minneapolis. . 

St.  Paul 

Mississippi 

Greenville 

Jackson 

Meridian 

Vicksburg. ... 
Missouri 

Kansas  City . . 

St.  Joseph . . . . 

St.  Louis 

Montana 

Butte 

Helena , 

Nebraska 

Omaha , 

Nevada 

Carson  City.. 

Reno , 

New  Hampshire 

Concord , 

New  Jersey 

Atlantic  City. 

Trenton 

New  Mexico 

Albuquerque. 
New  York 

Albany 

Bingham  ton. . 

Buffalo 

Elmira 

Rochester 

Syracuse 

Troy 

Utica 

Watertown . . . 


157 


Name  of  Place 


NoBTH  Carolina 

Charlotte 

Raleigh 

Wilmington. . . 
North  Dakota 

Bismark 

Grand  Forks. . 
Ohio 

Cincinnati . .  . . 

Cleveland. ... 

Columbus. . . . 

Dayton 

Springfield 

Toledo 

Youngstown . . 
Pennsylvania 

Erie 

HarrisbuTg . . . 

Philadelphia.. 

Pittsburgh . . . 

Reading 

Scran  ton 

Wilkes-Barre . 

Williamsport. 
Rhode  Isl.^nd 

Providence. . . 
South  Carolina 

Charieston. . . 

Columbia. . . . 
South  Dakota 

Aberdeen .... 
Tennessee 

Chattanooga. 


Hours 


18 
19 
21 

50 
47 

17 
14 
14 
26 
21 
18 
12 

12 

5 

2H 
11 

5 

4 

6 


26 
20 


48 
25 


Name  of  Place 


Memphis 

Nashville 

Texas 

Dallas 

El  Paso 

Galveston 

Houston 

San  Antonio. . 
Utah 

Ogden 

Salt  Lake  City 
Vermont 

Burlington. . . . 

Montpelier 

Virginia 

Richmond. . . . 
Washington 

Seattle 

Spokane 

Tacoma 

West  Virginia 

Wheeling 

Wisconsin 

Milwaukee... 
Wyomino 

Cheyenne 

Canada 

Calgary 

Halifax 

Montreal. . . . 

Quebec 

Toronto 

Vancouver 


Hours 


31 

27 

49 
65 
53 
49 
60 

62 
03 

7 
11 


81 
69 

82 

14 

27 

43 

75 
34 
12 
20 
16 
97 


Winnipeg I  ^^_ 


MAIL  TIME  AND  DISTANCES 
New  York  to  European  Points 


Places  and  Countries. 


Alexandria,  Egypt ^,150 

Algiers,  Algeria 5.06^ 


Amsterdam,  Holland 

Antwerp,  Belgium 

Athens,  Greece 

Basel,  Switzerland 

Barcelona,  Spain 

Berlin,  Germany 

Berne,  Switzerland 

Bordeaux,  France 

Bremen,  Germany 

Brussels,  Belgium 

Cadiz,  Spain 

Cairo,  Egypt.. 

Christiania,  Norway .  .  . 

Cologne,  Germany 

Constantinople,  Turkey 
Copenhagen,  Denmark. 

Dresden,  Germany 

Florence,  Italy. ....... 

Geneva,  Switzerland.  .  . 

Genoa,  Italy. . .  •  ■ 

Glasgow,  Scotland . .  .  .  . 

Hague,  The,  Holland.. 


Miles.    Days 


3,985 
4,000 
5,655 
4,420 
4,790 
4,385 
4,490 
4,388 
4,235 
3,975 
5,375 
6,280 
4,650 
4,115 
5,810 
4,575 
4,. 555 
4,800 
4,410 
4,615 
3,375 
3,950 


13 

10 

9 

9 

12 

9 

10 

9 

9 

9 

8 

9 

10 

12 

10 

8 

11 

10 

9 

10 

9 

9 


Places  and  Countries. 


Hamburg,  Germany 

Havre,  France 

Lisbon,  Portugal 

Liverpool,  England 

London,  England 

Lucerne,  Switzerland. . . 

Lyons,  France 

Madrid,  Spain 

Milan,  Italy... 

Moscow,  Russia 

Munich,  Bavaria 

Naples,  Italy 

Nice,  France 

Odessa,  Russia 

Paris,  France 

Queenstown,  Ireland. . . 

Rome,  Italy •  ■  • 

Rotterdam,  Holland. . . 
St.  Petersburg,  Russia. 
Southampton,  England 

Stockholm,  Sweden 

Venice,  Italy. 

Vienna,  Austria 


Miles. 

4,820 
3,940 
5,335 
3,540 
3.740 
4,480 
4,340 
4,925 
4,015 
5,535 
4,610 
6,195 
4,700 
5,455 
4,020 
3,250 
6.030 
3.935 
5,370 
3,080 
4,975 
4,780 
4,740 


Zurich.' Switzerland I  4.170  9 


Days. 


10 
8 
8 
9 
9 
10 
9 
10 
9 
9 
9 
11 
8 
7 
9 
9 
10 
8 
10 
9 
10 
9 


158 

Postal  Established  for  the  purpose  of  j^roviding 

Savings.  facilities  for  depositing  savings  at  interest, 

with  the  security  of  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment for  repayment. 

An  account  may  be  opened  by  any  person  10  years 
or  over  in  his  or  her  own  name,  or  by  a  married  woman  in 
her  own  name  and  free  from  any  control  or  interference 
of  her  husband. 

Deposits  accepted  only  from  individuals,  not  in  the  name 
of  any  corporation,  association,  society,  firm  or  partner- 
ship, or  in  the  name  of  two  or  more  persons  jointly,  nor  in 
the  name  of  one  person  in  trust  for  another. 

An  account  may  be  opened  at  any  depository  post  office, 
but  no  i^erson  may  have  more  than  one  postal  savings  ac- 
count at  the  same  office  or  at  different  offices. 

All  accounts  shall  be  opened  by  the  depositor  in  person 
or  his  authorized  representative.  After  opening  the  ac- 
count, the  depositor  may  send  future  deposits  by  registered 
mail  or  money  order  made  payable  to  the  postmaster. 

No  account  may  be  opened  for  less  than  $1.,  nor  will 
fractions  of  a  dollar  be  accepted  for  deposit.  No  person 
is  permitted  to  deposit  more  than  $100.  in  any  one  calendar 
month  nor  to  have  a  total  balance  to  his  credit  at  any  one 
time  of  more  than  $500.  exclusive  of  accumulated  interest. 

Amounts  less  than  $1  may  be  saved  for  deposit  by  pur- 
chasing 10-cent  postal  saving  cards  and  10  cent  postal 
saving  stamps. 

Interest  at  the  rate  of  2%  per  annum  is  allowed  on  the 
amount  represented  by  each  postal  savings  certificate,  pay- 


159 

able  annually.  Interest  will  not  be  paid  for  a  fraction  of 
a  year.  Interest  will  continue  to  accrue  annually  on  a 
postal  savings  certificate  as  long  as  it  remains  outstanding, 
certificates  being  valid  until  paid,  without  limitation  as 
to  time.  Compound  interest  is  not  allowed  on  an  out- 
standing certificate,  but  a  depositor  may  withdraw  interest 
accrued  and  make  a  new  deposit,  subject  to  the  restriction 
that  deposits  at  interest  will  not  be  received  for  less 
than  $1. 

Certificates  are  not  transferable  or  negotiable. 

A  depositor  may  exchange  the  whole  or  any  part  of  his 
deposits  in  sums  of  $20,  or  any  multiple  of  $20  up  to  and 
including  $500,  for  United  States  registered  or  coupon 
bonds  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of  2i/2%  per  annum, 
payable  semi-annually,  redeemable  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
United  States  after  one  year  from  date  of  issue,  and  both 
principal  and  interest  being  payable  20  years  from  such 
date  in  United  States  gold  coin.  The  exchange  may  bo 
made  as  of  January  1  and  July  1  of  each  year. 

Pound.  See  Coins. 

Power  of  An  instrament,  duly  signed  and  wit- 
Attorney,  nessed,  wherein  one  person  confers  upon 
another  the  authority  to  act  in  his  name  and 
stead.  The  power  may  be  general— to  transact  all  business 
— or  special — the  particular  matter  cited  in  the  P.  A. 

Form  of«  Power  of  Attobney. 

Iftnow  all  /Bbcn  b«  tbese  iprcscnts, 

That  

nave  made,  constituted  and  appointed,  and  by  these  presents  do 


160 

make,  constitute  and  appoint 

true  and  laivfiU   attorney tor and  in 

name,  place  and  stead 

giving  and  granting  unto said  attorney full  power  and  au- 
thority to  do  and  perform  all  and  every  act  and  thing  whatsoever  requi- 
site and  necessary  to  be  done  in  and  about  the  premises  as  fully  to  all 

intents  and  purposes  as might  or  could  do  if  personally 

present,  with  full  poicer  of  substitution  and  revocation,  hereby  verifying 

and  confirming   all   that said   attorney or 

substitute  shall  lawfully  do  or  cause  to  be  done  by  virtue  hereof. 

■ffn  TKIlltneSS  Wbcreot,  hai-c  hereunto  set hand and  seal 

the day  of in  the  year  nineteen 

hundred  and 

SeakJ)  anO  BeltvereD  In  tbc  presence  ot 

Forms  of  signature  of  an  agent  acting  under  a  Power 
of  Attorney. 

John  Smith  &  Co.. 
per  pro  Walter  Girard 

or 

Per  Pro  John  Smith  &  Co., 
Walter  Girard. 

or 

p.p.  John  Smith  &  Co., 
Walter  Girard. 

Preferred         See  Bonds  and  Stocks. 
Stock. 

Premium.         (Insurance)    The  rate  paid  periodically  for 
insurance. 
Any  amount  paid  in  consideration  of  money  loaned. 
An  excess  amount.    A  bonus.    A  gratuitous  sum  paid  as 
an  incentive. 


161 

(Finance)  The  amount  paid  over  and  above  the  face 
or  par  value  of  a  stock  or  bond ;  e.  g.,  a  share  originally 
issued  at  a  par  value  of  $100  and  sold  at  $110  is  said  to 
be  sold  at  a  Premium  of  10  5^.  In  this  connection  it  is 
also  used  to  mean  of  exceptional  value  and  hence  not  easy 
to  obtain.    See  Discount. 

Present  See  Standard  of  Weight  and  Fineness. 

Standard  of 
Weight  and 
Fineness. 

Prima  Facie.    At  first  sight. 

Principal.         The  major  part,  as  the  Principal,  of  an 
estate ;  the  corpus.    Superior.    Chief.    (  Fi- 
nance)   The  amount  from  which  income  is  derived. 

Principle.         Doctrine ;  rule ;  motive ;  element ;  rudiment ; 
source.     Ex.     The  fundamental  Peinciples 
of  International  Law. 

Prior  Lien       A  valid  claim  which  takes  precedence  over 
all  others.  First  lien. 

Produce  The  New  York  Produce  Exchange  is  lo- 

Exchange.  cated  corner  of  Beaver  Street  and  Broad- 
way. It  was  established  in  1862,  has  over 
2,000  members  and  deals  in  grains,  cotton-seed  oil  and 
other  provisions,  but  principally  in  wheat.  It  was  also 
authorized  by  legislature,  in  1907,  to  deal  in  securities. 


162 


Promissory 
Note. 


See  Notes. 


Promoter         A  person  engaged  in  the  business  of  organ- 
izing and  securing  capital  to  operate  a  new 
company,  or  to  augment  the  capital  of  a  going  concern. 

Proof  of  Loss.  A  statement  in  the  form  of  an  affidavit  de- 
scribing property  or  document  lost.      See 
Care  of  Important  Papers. 

FoBM  OF  Statement  and  Peoof  of  Loss. 
For  Claims  Less  than  $100 

To  the  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

The  property  described  in  your  Policy  No of 

Agency,  insuring  

issued  for  the  term  of from   19 to 

19. . .  .was  damaged  by  a  fire  which  occurred 

on  the  day  of  19 , 

caused  by  

The  ownership  and  location  of  said  property  are  as  stated  in  said 
Policy ;  and  the  cash  value  thereof,  the  whole  insurance  and  loss  there- 
on, together  with  the  insurance  by  and  the  claim  upon  you,  are  as 
follows : — 


DESCRIPTION 
or  PUOPEETY 


CASH 
VALUE 


WHOLE 
INSURANCE 


WHOLE 
LOSS 


INSURANCE 

BY    ABOVE 

CO. 


CLAIM     UPON 
ABOVE    CO. 


There  was Incumbrance  upon  said  property ;  and  be- 
sides your  Policy  there  was  only Dollars 

other  insurance,  all  of  which  covered  in  like  manner. 

The  buildings  referred  to  in  said  Policy  were  occupied  only  as 
permitted  therein ;  and  the  said  fire  did  not  originate  by  any  act,  design 
or  procurement,  on  the  part  of  the  insured,  or  prohibited  by  said  Policy ; 


163 


and  nothing  has  beon  done  before  or  since  the  fire  by  said  insured,  or 
by  the  party  malving  this  statement  and  proof,  to  violate  any  of  the 
conditions  of  said  policy. 

In  accordance  with  the  foregoing claim 

Dollars,  as  your  share  of  the  loss. 

Claimant. 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me,  this day  of 


.19. 


I  hereby  certify  that  the  foregoing  claim  is  just  and  true. 


.Agent 


IReceiVeDat on  the    day   of 

19. . .  .of  the INSURANCE  COMPANY 

of   Dollars,  in  full  satisfaction  of  all 

claims  for  loss  and  damage  by  fire  as  stated  above,  under  Policy  No. 

of  Agency,  and  in  consideration 

thereof hereby  release  and  discharge  the  said  Company  from 

all  claims  whatsoever  growing  out  of  said  fire  loss  or  damage,  directly 
or  indirectly,  and  the  amount  of  said  Policy  is  hereby  reduced  in  the 

above-mentioned  sum,  leaving  the  sum  of Dollars 

only  in  force  on  said  Policy.    Witness  my  hand  and  seal, 

(L.  8.) 


<s> 

Vi 

o 

H 

^  § 

*-»  ri 

o  t      • 

o   g      : 

U>    M 

>o  £ 

^  ? 

«   i        : 

O      u 

B  ^ 

o 

-4-* 

a 

*^ 

m 

C3i 


=5> 


«^    €/5-    »5^ 


t,  o 


o  a. 


•^   -^   -^ 


Q    ft.    Q 


164 


Schedule  of  Total  Insurance  and  Apportionment  of  Claim 


COMPANY 


Am't  Am't 

Insured    Claimed 


COMPANY 


Am't  Am't 

Insured    Claimed 


DUPLICATE   RECEIPT 


IReCeiVeb  at   on  the 

day  of 19 of  the 

INSURANCE   COMPANY 

of Dollars,    in   full 

satisfaction  of  all  claims  for  loss  and  damage  by  fire  as  stated  above, 

under    Policy    No of Agency, 

and  in  consideration  thereof hereby  release  and  discharge  the 

said  Company  from  all  claims  whatsoever  growing  out  of  said  fire  loss 
or  damage,   directly  or  indirectly,   and  the  amount   of  said  Policy  is 

hereby  reduced  in  the  above-mentioned  sum,  leaving  the  sum  of 

Dollars  only  in  force  on  said 

Policy.    Witness  my  hand  and  seal. 


[L.   s.] 


Proof.  Galley  Proof— The  first  proof,  taken  on 

long  narrow  sheets  without  regard  to 
paging,  which  has  been  printed  from  type  set  in  a  Galley— 
an  oblong,  brass  or  metal  tray  used  to  hold  type. 

Printer's    Proof— Corrections    in    printers'    proofs 
should  be  made  in  red  ink  in  the  margin,  never  with  pencil. 


165 


The  following  symbols  are  commonly  used  in  correcting 
proof; 


PROOF  MARKS 


MARGINAL  MARK         CORRESPONDING   MARK   IN   PROOF 


He  made  his  mar^ 

O  He  mz^e  his  mark 

Q  He  m^de  his  mark 

|_  £_    He  made  his  mark 

Jd^  He^Im\giadg/mark 

^iit^  He  made  -his-  mark 

^^  He  made^his  mark 

^  Therefore,  be  it^Resolved 

O  >Ie  made  his  mark 

*^y  •  He  ingde  his  mark 

/>  <>  He  made  hi8>fark 

'<^**K<5'-  Hg  made  his  mark 

<J<V*^  He  made  ^  mark 

UZii/ccy  He  made  ^  mark 

A'CW.O'tty  He  made  hh  mark 

O  He  made  his  marl^ 

"i/  He  made  lohns  mark 

*      »'  . .  I    1  ■    '^     1 

\<      V  He  made  his^^mark^ 

«/  This  is  a  trademark 

#  He  made  hismark 

^^   <<  He^made^his^mark 

i  Hejmade  his  mark 

X  He  made  his  mark 


lake  out 

close  up 

invert 

bring  to  mari 

transpose 

let  stand 

query  to  author 

make  paragraph 

indent  em-quad 

wrong  font  Utter 

lower  case  letter 

small  capital 

capitals 

put  in  italic 

put  in  roman 

period 

apostrophe 

quotation  markt 

hyphen 

space 

even  spacing 

push  down  space 

broken  letter 


ffT'lt""! 


l,lJWHH»STA.AhlM.«|.Wjl'JJ'.-!!TC7CT.TTn»Fr;.,l,..k^imiUUl.yiMIHm 


THE  above  marks  arc  the  ones  most  generally  used  jn  proofreading. 
There  arc  many  others  that  are  required  in  different  claries  of  u-oilt, 
but  these  are  in  the  main  self-explanatory.  This  display  of  proof  marks 
and  their  meanings  has  been,  prepared  for  The  Graphic  Arts  and  en- 
dorsed by  the  Boston  Proofreaiers  Association. 


See  Tyge, 

Prospectus.     A  descriptive  booklet  or  circular,  distributed 
for  the  purpose  of  maldng  known  the  salient 
and  attractive  features  of  an  enterprise. 


Pro  Tern.  (Tempore).    For  the  time  being. 

Ex:    President  Pro  Tem. 


166 

Protest.  The  declaration  of  a  Notary  Public  that  a 

note  or  check  has  been  presented  and  pay- 
ment refused.    See  Notes  and  Chechs. 

Proxy.  An  agent,  or  one  who  is  authorized  to  vote 

or  act  for  another.     The  paper  itself,  viz : 

Form  of  Peoxy. 
•Know  all  /ilben  bs  tbese  ipresents,  That  i 

do  h erehij  constitute  and  appoint 

Attorney and  Agent ^or  me,  and  in  maj  name,  place  and  stead, 

to  vote  as  rtvy  proxp  at of  the 

according  to  the  nuniber  of  votes  that  I  should  he  entitled  to  vote,  if 
then  personally  present. 

ITn  Witness  TRflbCrcof,   /  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal  this 
dap  of one  thousand  nine  hundred  and 

SealcD  anD  DellveceO  tn  tbe  presence  of 

Public  Public  Utility  or  Public  Service  securities 

Utilities.  are  stocks  and  bonds  of  corporations  serv- 

ing the  general  public,  i.  e.,  street  railway, 
gas,  electric  light,  water  companies,  etc. 


Punctuation. 


Punctuation 


Period    .     .     .     . 

Interrogation-point 

Exclamation-point 

Colon. 

Semicolon    . 

Comma  . 

Quotation-marks 

Apostrophe 

Dash       .     .     . 

Hyphen        .     . 

Parenthesis 

Brackets 

Brace  or  Bracket 


"  "  or  " 


0 
[1 

t 


Maeks,  Etc 

Caret 

Dieresis 

Asterisk 

Daggers 

Paragraph 

Section 

Breve 

Macron 

Ditto 

Cedilla 

Tilde 

Leaders 

Ellipsis 


A 
o 

* 

tort 

H 

§ 

a 

a 
II 

? 

ii 


167 

Period 
Should  follow : 

(1)  A  complete  declarative  or  imperative  sentence. 

Examples :     It  snows. 
Do  it  now. 

(2)  Abbreviations. 

Examples :     Nov.     inst.     corp.     Dr.     Geo. 

Nicknames  are  not  abbreviations  and  should 
not  be  followed  by  a  period:  as,  Al  Tom  Ben 

The  period  after  the  abbreviation  is  inde- 
pendent of  other  punctuation  in  the  sentence. 
''/  myself  brought  the  letter  to  the  P.  0.;  there 
is  no  doubt  of  that." 

When  an  abbreviated  word  ends  a  sentence, 
only  one  jDcriod  is  necessary.  They  delivered 
the  cargo  on  the  30th  inst. 

Contractions  should  not  be  followed  by  a 
period  Ass'n    Rec'd   Dep't 

(3)  The  unit,  separating  it  from  the  decimal. 

Examples :     5.05%     $109.50. 

Wlien  periods  are  used  to  show  the  omission  of  letters, 
one  dot  should  be  used  for  each  letter  omitted:  Secretary 
L g.     (Lansing). 

Periods  are  used  to  carry  the  eye  from  words  at  the 
beginning  of  a  line  to  matter  at  its  end.  They  are  called 
leaders,  and  are  used  in  billing,  in  the  index  of  a  book,  the 
contents,  etc. 


168 

Interrogation-Point 
Should  follow : 

(1)  Every  direct  question. 

Examples : 

(Direct)     When  will  you  return? 

(Indirect)     She  asked  me  when  I  would  return. 

(2)  Interrogative  clause  or  clauses  interjected  into 
an  affirmative  sentence. 

Example :  The  questions  now  raised,  How  shall  we 
feed  our  unemployed?  Where  house  them?  re- 
quire an  immediate  answer. 

(3)  Elliptical  questions  of  common  dependence. 

Example:  What  is  meant  by  "hypothecate"?  by  "ar- 
bitage"?  by  "inalienable  right"?  and  by  "margin 
of  profit"? 

(4)  An  assertion  that  is  subject  to  doubt. 

Example :  She  claims  she  can  typewrite  149  words  a 
minute  (?)  from  new  matter. 

Sometimes  a  statement  declarative  in  form  is  in  reality 
interrogative  and  takes  a  question-mark  after  it;  as  **You 
will  stay  with  her  to  the  end?" 

Exclamation-Point 
Should  follow ; 

(1)     Interjections. 

Emamples:    Alas!     Oh!    Ah!     Hold!     Gracious! 


169 

(2)     Exclamatory  phrases  and  sentences. 

Examples:  (Phrases)  How  lovely!  We  make  over 
a  machine  a  minute — just  think ! 

(Sentences)  How  suggestive  of  the  South  are 
those  magnolias !  How  quickly  Time  flies !  Oh. 
wouldn't  it  be  exciting  to  be  shipwrecked ! 

More  than  one  exclamation-point  is  used  to 
indicate  an  extraordinary  degree  of  emotion,  or 
for  emphasis. 

Examples  :  "A  Perfect  Woman  I !  Where  can  such  a 
creature  be  found?" 

This  stock  must  be  sold  below  cost ! ! ! 

Colon 
Should  follow : 

(1)  The  salutation  of  a  business  letter. 

Dear  Sir :    Dear  Madam  :     My  dear  Sir : 

(2)  "Words  introducing  an  array  of  particulars  that 
are  separated  by  commas  or  semicolons. 

Examples :  The  business  woman  has  two  uniforms : 
either  a  one-piece  cloth  dress  with  smart  collars 
and  cuffs,  or  a  simple  shirt  waist  and  skirt. 

She  had  all  the  qualities  of  a  successful  busi- 
ness woman:  tact,  loyalty,  thoughtfulness,  court- 
esy, ability. 

"My  reasons  for  not  employing  her  were  three  : 
first,  she  was  too  glib  in  her  speech,  agreeing  with 
what  was  said  before  it  was  said,  showing  a  cer- 
tain flippancy  in  thought ;  second,  her  speech  was 
largely  slang,  which  indicated  lack  of  reliuement ; 
third,  her  style  of  dress  was  so  extreme  as  to  be 
conspicuous." — {Good    Housekeeping   Magazine.) 


170 

(3)  Words  such  as  thus,  this,  as  follows,  these,  fol- 
lowing, to  wit. 

(4)  Words  introducing  a  direct  quotation. 

Example:  Her  telegram  reads:  "Find  my  train  does 
not  reach  New  Yorlt  until  three-thirty." 

Should  separate: 

(1)  Clauses  that  are  but  slightly  connected.  (In  al- 
most every  case,  however,  a  new  sentence  would 
be  preferable.) 

Example:  As  in  all  other  professions,  there  Is  an 
ever-increasing  demand  for  the  highly  expert: 
those  who  are  thoroughly  capable  need  not  fear 
lack  of  employment. 

(2)  Clauses  grammatically  complete  in  themselves, 
not  connected  by  a  conjunction,  but  depending 
upon  each  other  to  convey  the  full  force  of  the 
remark. 

Example :  You  can  lead  a  horse  to  water :  you  cannot 
make  him  drink. 

(3)  Members  of  a  compound  sentence  the  minor  divi- 
sions of  which  are  separated  by  semicolons. 

Example:  "We  never,  in  a  moral  way,  applaud  or 
blame  either  ourselves  or  others  for  what  we  en- 
joy or  suffer;  or  for  having  impressions  made 
upon  us  which  we  consider  as  being  altogether 
out  of  our  power:  but  only  for  what  we  do,  or 
would  have  done  had  it  been  in  our  power;  or 
for  what  we  leave  undone  which  we  might  have 
done,  or  would  have  left  undone  though  we  could 
have  done  it." — Bishop  Butler. 


171 

(4)     Numerals  denoting  time. 

Examples:     5:30  p.m.     Will  return  on  the  8:05. 

The  colon  is  used  to  separate  parts  of  a  sentence  that 
are  not  so  closely  connected  as  to  warrant  a  semicolon,  yet 
closely  enough  connected  as  not  to  require  the  full  stop. 

Semicolon 
Should  be  placed : 

(1)  Between  closely  connected  clauses  of  a  com- 
pound sentence  when  no  conjunction  is  used. 

Examples:  We  take  care  of  our  health;  we  lay  up 
money ;  we  make  our  roof  tight  and  our  clothing 
sufficient ;  but  who  provides  wisely  that  he  shall 
not  be  wanting  in  the  best  property  of  all — 
friends? — Emerson. 

In  sentences  like  the  following  where  the 
clauses  are  short,  commas  may  be  used. 

She  has  her  business ;  she  has  her  profession ;  she 
has  her  office. 

(2)  Before  the  conjunctions  for,  therefore,  hence, 
and  usually  but. 

Examples :  The  telephone  company,  it  is  said,  loses 
125  hours  a  day  through  the  use  of  the  word 
"please"  by  its  operators ;  hence  courtesy  would 
seem  an  item  of  great  expense  to  them. 

Many  stenographers  can  use  the  typewriter 
and  write  shorthand ;  but  grammar  and  spelling 
are  unknown  to  them. 


172 

(3)  Before  the  conjunction  as  when  it  introduces  an 
example. 

Example:  Per  should  be  affixed  only  to  words  of 
Latin  origin;  as,  per  diem,  per  cent.,  per  annum, 
per  capita,  per  se. 

(4)  Between  the  members  of  a  compound  sentence, 
the  minor  divisions  of  which  are  separated  by 
commas. 

Example:  Be  done  with  saying  what  you  don't  be- 
lieve, and  find  somewhere  or  other,  the  truest, 
divinest  thing  to  your  soul,  that  you  do  believe  to- 
day, and  work  that  out ;  work  it  out  with  all  the 
action  and  consecration  of  your  soul,  in  the  do- 
ing of  your  work. — Phillips  Brooks. 

Should  separate: 

A  series  of  clauses  beginning  with  the  word  that. 

Example :  "It  is  rather  for  us  to  be  here  dedicated  to 
the  great  task  remaining  before  us ;  that  from 
these  honored  dead  we  take  increased  devotion  to 
that  cause  for  which  they  gave  the  last  full  meas- 
ure of  devotion ;  that  we  here  highly  resolve  that 
these  dead  shall  not  have  died  in  vain ;  that  this 
nation,  under  God,  shall  have  a  new  birth  of  free- 
dom, and  that  government  of  the  people  by  the 
people  and  for  the  people  shall  not  perish  from 
the  earth." 

The  semicolon  is  used  to  separate  parts  of  a  sentence 
more  closely  connected  than  to  require  a  colon,  yet  not  so 
closely  connected  as  to  require  a  comma. 


173 

Comma 

Eules  for  the  use  of  the  comma  are  difficult  to  apply  in 
commercial  correspondence ;  it  is  largely  a  matter  of  indi- 
vidual taste.  One  may  err  on  the  side  of  too  many 
commas,  or  not  enough ;  although  it  is  better  to  have  too 
few  than  too  many.  The  following  rules,  however,  are 
generally  adhered  to : 
A  comma  is  used: 

(1)     To  separate  a  series  of  words   (singly  or  in 
pairs),  phrases,  or  short  clauses. 

When  a  series  of  w^ords  ivith  no  conjunction 
between  tliem  form  the  subject  of  a  sentence,  a 
comma  separates  the  last  word  from  the  predi- 
cate. 

Example :  Regularity,  punctuality,  personality,  are 
her  chief  assets. 

When  a  series  of  words  ivith  a  conjunction 
between  the  last  two  form  the  subject  of  the  sen- 
tence, the  comma  is  placed  before  the  coniunc- 
tion  to  show  that  the  last  two  are  no  more 
closely  connected  in  the  construction  than  the 
preceding  words  of  the  series. 

Example:  Regularity,  punctuality,  personality,  dig- 
nity, ability,  and  sociability  are  the  office  girl's 
assets. 

Wlien  the  subject  consists  of  a  series  of 
words  connected  by  a  conjunction,  no  comma 


174 


separates  it  from  the  predicate.     (See  example 
last  above  given.) 

In  Pairs — A  small  f  and  t,  a  capital  L  and  hyphen,  a 
capital  L  and  period ;  these  all  may  be  used  to  in- 
dicate the  pound  Sterling  mark. 

Phrases — Ability  to  spell,  to  punctuate  properly,  to  be 
grammatically  accurate,  to  have  a  talent  for  clear, 
logical  expression,  lifts  the  stenographer  into  the 
secretary  class. 

Clauses — Your  hands  are  not  properly  cared  for,  your 
hair  is  coming  down,  your  petticoat  shows  under 
your  skirt,  and  altogether  you  seem  to  be  entirely 
indifferent  to  your  personal  appearance. 

(2)  Between  words  where  a  conjunction  or  a  verb 
previously  used  is  omitted. 

Examples:  Neither  envy,  jealousy,  hatred,  nor  re- 
venge will  make  for  happiness,  {nor  is  omitted 
after  envy  and  jealousy.) 

I  will  work  hard,  conscientiously,  systematic- 
ally, and  cheerfully  to  bring  about  the  result  you 
wish,  {and  is  omitted  after  hard  and  conscien- 
tiously.) 

A  competency  is  desired  by  many ;  riches,  by 
few.  {is  desired  is  omitted  after  riches.) 

(3)  To  enclose  parenthetical,  explanatoiy,  independ- 
ent, or  synonymous  expressions. 

Examples : 

On  the  whole 

It  seems  to  me 

She  said 

Per  se 

Too  (except  when  it  occurs  at  the  end  of  a 

line.     "I  shall  be  there  too.") 


175 

Investment  funds,  or  capital,  will  be  hard  to 
obtain. 

I   turned   and  saw   a  young   woman,   rather 
tawdrily  dressed,  coming  toward  me. 

If  the  explanatory  expression  is  necessary 
to  the  sense  of  the  whole  sentence  (restrictive) 
no  comma  is  needed. 

Easamples:    Did  you  see  the  typist  dressed  in  brown? 

Did  you   see  the  typist,   who  is  dressed  in 
brown? 

(4)  To  separate  words  in  apposition  from  the  re- 
mainder of  the  sentence.  (Exception,  when  but 
one  word  is  used  in  apposition.) 

Examples :    Miss  Alberts,  one  of  the  cleverest  poli- 
ticians in  the  country,  then  addressed  the  meeting. 

My  sister  Margaret  will  be  here  shortly. 

(5)  To  separate  from  the  rest  of  the  sentence  trans- 
positions, or  clauses  placed  out  of  their  natural 
order,  as  when  a  dependent  clause  is  placed  be- 
fore the  principal  clause. 

Examples:    Try  as  I  will,   I  cannot  distinguish  be- 
tween shall  and  will. 

In  my  presence,  you  may  not  speak  of  my 
friend  so. 

(6)  Between  the  members  of  a  compound  sentence 
connected  by  and,  hut,  or,  for,  because,  whereas, 


176 


and  other  conjunctions,  when  the  meaning  is  but 
slightly  changed.  (A  decided  change  in  mean- 
ing or  thought  calls  for  a  semicolon.) 

Examples :     She  has  her  office,  but  she  wants  a  home. 

Write  out  AND  in  the  names  of  railroads,  but 
use  the  sign  &  in  the  names  of  firms. 

The  Iveys  of  the  typewriter  are  arranged  with 
reference  to  the  frequency  with  which  the  letters 
are  used,  and  the  order  in  which  they  commonly 
occur. 

"We  lie  abed  when  we  are  sick,  but  get  up 
when  we  are  well. 

We  lay  a  thing  down,  in  order  to  set  it  In  Its 
place. 

(7)  To  separate  the  name  of  a  person  directly  ad- 
dressed from  the  rest  of  the  sentence. 

Example:  "Take  this  letter.  Miss  Smith,  and  make 
a  copy  of  it." 

(8)  To  separate  introductory  words  from  a  direct 
quotation,  when  both  are  short. 

Example:  The  telegram  reads,  "Arrive  on  the  five- 
thirty."  (If  either  the  quotation  or  the  intro- 
ductory sentence  is  long,  they  are  separated  by  a 
colon.) 

(9)  To  cut  off  contrasting  (antithetical)  expressions. 

Examples :  She  is  as  tall,  though  not  so  handsome, 
as  her  sister. 

Contentment  consists  not  in  great  wealth,  but 
in  few  wants. — Epicurus. 


177 

(10)  Between  words  repeated. 

Examples :     Many,  many  times,  have  I  seen  it  turn  out 
as  you  say. 

Wlien  I  return  the  report  to  you,  you  will  see 
what  I  mean.  ( Better  construction  would  be : 
You  will  see  my  meaning  when  I  return  the  report 
to  you.) 

No  comma  is  placed,  however,  between  words 
repeated  in  such  expressions  as :  "We  have  come 
to  dedicate  a  portion  of  that  field  as  a  final  resting 
place  for  those  who  here  gave  their  lives  that 
that  nation  might  live," 

(11)  To  point  off  figures. 

Example :     $9,999,999,999. 

(12)  At  the  end  of  each  line  of  the  address  and  com- 
plimentary close  of  a  letter. 

Examples  :     Mr.  George  Carey, 

West  New  Brighton,  S.  I., 

New  York. 
With  best  regards. 
Sincerely  yours, 

I  am,  dear  sir, 

Yours  very  truly, 

I  remain, 

\  ery  truly  yours, 

(13)  Before  to  when  equivalent  to  in  order  to. 

Examples :    The  people  of  the  city,  to  show  their  ap- 
preciation, elected  her  Commissioner. 

She  was  sent  to  France,  to  complete  her  edu- 
cation. 


178 

(14)     To  separate  a  long  subject  from  its  verb. 

Example :  To  end  a  sentence  with  an  adverb  or  a 
preposition,  weakens  it. 

Quotation-Makks 

(1)  Every  direct  quotation  should  be  enclosed  in 
quotation-marks. 

Examples:  (Direct)  "If  I  employ  a  secretary,"  he 
said  frankly,  "I  want  her  to  look  like  a  business 
woman." 

(Indirect)  He  told  her  frankly  that  if  he 
employed  a  secretary  he  wanted  her  to  look  like 
a   business  woman. 

(2)  A  quotation  within  a  quotation  is  enclosed  with 
single  marks. 

Example:  Her  employer  answered:  "You  would  bet- 
ter keep  this  motto,  'Do  It  Now'  before  you," 

If  there  is   another  quotation  within  the 
single  marks,  double  marks  are  used. 

Example :  The  letter  begins :  "Dear  Madam :  Tour 
inquiry,  'Where  can  I  obtain  a  copy  of  "The  Effi- 
cient Secretary"  or  similar  publication,'  has  been 
referred  to  me  for  reply." 

(3)  Names  of  steamers  and  boats  are  enclosed  in 
quotation-marks  when  they  are  not  set  in  caps  or 
underscored. 

Examples:  She  sailed  on  the  SS.  "George  Washing- 
ton" on  Decoration  Day. 

The  "Mary  Lee,"  a  large  tug,  appeared  along- 
Bide. 


179 

(4)     Titles  of  books,  plays,  works  of  art,  are  either  set 
in  quotation-marks,  underscored,  or  set  in  caps. 

Examples :   Can't  you  read  "East  Lynn"  sometime  this 
week? 

I  have  heard  that  "The  Girl  of  the  Golden 
West"  is  playing  in  Chicago. 

The  best  statue  I  saw  was  "The  Thinker"  and 
you  will  agree  with  me  that  it  is  exquisite. 

(5)  When  the  quotation  comprises  several  successive 
paragraphs,  the  marks  are  placed  at  the  com- 
mencement of  each  paragraph,  but  at  the  end  of 
the  last  paragraph  only. 


Example : 

"I  hold  it  true  that  thoughts  are  things 
Endowed  with  bodies,  breath  and  wings: 
And  that  we  send  them  forth  to  fill 
The  world  with  good  results— or  ill. 

"That  which  we  call  our  secret  thought 
Speeds  to  the  earth's  remotest  spot, 
And  leaves  its  blessings  or  its  woes, 
Like  tracks  behind  it,  where  it  goes. 

"It  is  God's  law.     Remember  it 

In  your  still  chamber  as  you  sit 

With  thoughts  you  would  not  dare  have 

known 
And  yet  made  comrades  whtm  alone. 

"These  thoughts  have  life ;  and  they  will  fly 
And  leave  their  impress  by  and  by, 
Like  some  marsh  breeze  whose  poisoned 

breath 
Breathes  into  homes  like  fevered  death 


180 


"And  after  you  have  quite  forgot 
Or  all  outgrown  some  vanished  thought, 
Back  to  your  mind  to  make  its  home, 
A  dove  or  raven  it  will  come. 

"Then  let  your  secret  thoughts  be  fair ; 
They  have  a  vital  part  and  share 
In  shaping  worlds  and  molding  fate — 
God's  system  is  so  intricate." 

— Ella  Wheeler  Wilcox. 


(6)  The  quotation-marks  are  sometimes  placed  at 
the  beginning  of  each  line  and  at  the  end  of  the 
quotation. 


Example : 

"I  will  be  more  honest,  square,  and  prompt 
"than  business  requires ;  more  kind  than 
"charity  requires ;  more  loyal  than  friend- 
"ship  requires ;  more  thoughtful  than  love 
"requires.  I  will  enjoy  as  heartily  as  I 
"can  what  the  day  brings  me ;  and  get 
"all  the  pleasure  possible  out  of  eating, 
"drinking,  working,  resting,  amusements, 
"and  the  people  I  meet ;  so  that  at  night 
"I  may  be  able  to  say  :  'I  have  lived  today, 
"and  have  found  life  good.'  " — Dr.  Frank 
Crane  in  the  l^ew  York  Globe. 


(7)  Expressions  introduced  by  so-called,  self-styled, 
known  as,  and  the  like,  are  enclosed  in  quota- 
tion-marks. 


Examples  :     The  so-called  "Cotton  King." 

The  land  known  as  the  "Railroad  Reservation." 
The  self-styled  "World's  Greatest  Magician  " 


181 

(8)  When  particular  emphasis  is  to  be  denoted,  or 
attention  called  to  a  word,  or  when  a  word  is 
used  out  of  its  ordinary  meaning,  it  is  enclosed 
in  quotation-marks. 

Examples :     Your  'Tersonal"  favor  23rd  instant. 

I  may  gain  the  respect  even  of  tlie  man  wlio 
knew  me  as  a  child,  and  that  is  "some"  respect. 

(9)  The  comma  and  i)eriod  are  almost  invariably  en- 
closed within  the  quotation  marks. 


Example:     "I   will   make  my  enforced  intimacies  as 
pleasant  as  possible." 


The  colon  and  semicolon  may  either  precede 
or  follow  the  quotation-mark. 


Examples:  They  had  been  at  the  pains  to  erect  "fair 
and  stately  houses,  wherein  they  at  first  outdid 
the  rest  of  the  country"  ;  and  they  soon  found  their 
town  become  a  sort  of  capital  for  that  part  of  the 
shore. 

It  was  he  who  "preached  the  funeral  sermons 
to  the  king,  after  sentence,  out  of  Esaias" :  "Thou 
art  cast  out  of  the  grave  like  an  abominable 
branch." 


The  exclamation-mark  and  the  question- 
mark  are  i)laced  within  the  quotation-marks 
only  when  they  properly  belong  to  the  quoted 
matter. 


182 


Examples:     He    exclaimed,     "How    beautifully     she 

sings !" 

How  strange  you  have  not  read  Dr.  Walton's 
"Peg  Along" ! 

"Do  you  use  the  Touch  system?"  she  asked. 
Did  she  ask,  "Do  you  like  the  Touch  system"? 


(10)  When  a  quotation  is  not  completed  etc.  or  dc. 
should  be  enclosed  within  the  quotation-marks ; 
or  if  a  dash  is  used  to  show  the  ellipsis,  it  should 
be  within  the  quotation-marks. 


Examples :  "No  wonder  it  was  a  railroad  man  to 
whom  came  the  happy  thought  of  dividing  the 
country  into  time  zones,  etc." 

" and  smile  at  mortals  who  would  look 

beyond." 


Apostkophe 
Is  used : 

(1)     To  indicate  the  possessive  case. 


Examples :    A  man's  man.       Men's  shoes.       Peck  & 
Smith's  store.    Sister-in-law's.    Everybody  else's. 


When  the  singular  ends  in  a  sibilant  (the  sound  of  S 
or  Z),  to  form  the  plural  possessive,  the  apostrophe  only 
is  added :    Conscience'  sake,  Felix'  invention,  Moses'  staff. 

Some  authorities  say  that  words  of  one  syllable  end- 
ing in  a  sibilant  take  apostrophe  AND  S;  as  fox's  tracks. 

When  the  plural  ends  in  S,  the  apostrophe  only  is 


183 

added:  Kings'  daughters,  John  Brown  &  Sons'  address, 
Three  days'  grace. 

Personal  pronouns  in  the  possessive  case  of  course  do 
not  take  an  apostrophe:  Mine,  Yours,  Theirs,  His,  Hers, 
Its. 

(2)  To  indicate  the  omission  of  letters  or  figures. 

Examples : 

I'll  I  will 

e'en  even 

don't  do  not 

let's  let  us 

o'clock  of  the  clock 

thro'  through 

'kerchief         handkerchief 

'07  1907 

It's  It  is  (Possessive — Its) 

You're  You   are   (Possessive — Your) 

They're  They  are  (Possessive — Their) 

Ifs  immaterial  which  way  you  do  it. 

Its  usefulness  is  over. 

You're  in  the  right. 

Your  gloves  are  here. 

They're  good  friends. 

Their  letter  of  the  1st. 

In  dialect,  to  show  the  omission  of  letters: 

"Dat  baby  of  you's"  said  Mrs.  Jacksing,  "am 
de  puffet  image  ob  his  fathah." 

"Yas,"  answered  Mrs.  Johnsing,  "He  am  a 
reg'lar  cahbon  copy." — Remington  Notes. 

(3)  To  indicate  the  plural  of  a  letter,  word,  or  figure. 

Examples : 
Two  r's. 

"Ifs  and  And's." 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  4's  (or  4s). 


184- 

Dash 
Is  used  ; 

(1)  To  indicate  a  pause,  faltering,  break,  or  sudden 
change  in  thought. 

Excmtples :    The  world  moves  but  one  way — forward. 

Evenings   at   home  may   be  spent  profitably 
if 

This,   we   maintain,   is    false   economy — plus 
laziness. 

I 1  am  sorry. 

Juli a ! 

(2)  To  indicate  the  omission  of  the  word  to. 

Examples :    May — November ;   June — December ;   1890 
—1900. 

(3)  To  indicate  the  omission  of  a  name  or  date. 

Examples  :     Miss  B 

In  the  year  19 


In  the  town  of 


(4)  To  cut  off  words  or  phrases  when  repeated  for 
emphasis. 

Example:  These  are  very  understandable  words — 
safe  words — sane  words. 

(5)  Between  the  subject  and  the  subject-matter;  or 
between  the  subject-matter  and  the  authority. 

Examples :  Cotton. — For  the  cotton  season  1914-15 
there  will  be  shown  a  decided  increase  in  expor- 
tation to  Continental  and  Mediterranean  ports. 

Nothing  ever  becomes  real  till  it  is  experi- 
enced ;  even  a  proverb  is  no  proverb  to  you,  till 
life  has  illustrated  it. — Keats. 


185 

(6)  To  separate  an  independent  clause  interjected 
into  a  sentence. 

Example :     I  may  get  strong  and  well  again — I  think 
I  will — but  If  I  don't  (etc.) 

(7)  After  a  colon,  when  a  long  quotation  is  intro- 
duced. 

Example  :     Dinner  being  over,  the  President  arose  and 
read  the  following  address: — 

A  dash  is  used  after  other  punctuation  marks  when  a 
longer  pause  than  they  denote  is  required. 

When  two  hyphens  are  used  by  the  typist  to  indicate 
a  dash,  they  may  be  joined  into  a  continuous  line  by  using 
a  pen  or  sharp-pointed  pencil ;  or  the  additional  character 
will  be  supplied  by  the  typewriter  company. 

Hyphen 
Is  used : 

(1)  Between  compound  words. 

Examples :     half-time 

world-famed 

world-wide 

first-class 

laughter-loving 

twenty-three 

forget-me-not 

Vice-President 

income-yielding 

self-supporting 

(2)  To  divide  words  at  the  end  of  a  line.     The 
division  should  be  made  between  syllables. 

Example :  "The  sun  had  set.  the  day 
was  done,  the  shadows  of  eve- 
ning were  falling." 


186 

(3)     To  distinguish  words  of  similar  spelling  but  dif- 
ferent meaning. 


Examples :     Restored        re-stored 
Reformed      re-formed 


(4)     Instead  of  the  dieresis,  to  indicate  that  two  ad- 
jacent vowels  do  not  unite  to  form  a  dipthong. 


Examples :    co-ordinate 
co-operation 
re-elect 


Pabenthesis 
Used  to  enclose : 

(1)  Any  expression  which  breaks  the  continuity  of 
the  sentence  and  which  is  independent  in  its  con- 
struction. 

Examples:    Tliese  fasteners  may  be  bought   (I  think 
they  cost  tmt  ten  cents)  at  any  stationer's. 

He  arrived  ( God  Bless  Him ! )  in  the  knick  of 
time. 

If  the  parenthetical  matter  is  complete  in 
sense,  punctuation-marks  should  be  included  in 
the  parenthesis;  as,  You  promised  (did  you 
not?)  to  remit  on  or  before  the  first. 

(2)  An  explanatory  word  or  phrase. 


Examples:    This  street  (Main  Street)  runs  north  and 
south. 

Mrs,  L.  Smith   (u6e  Carroll)   was  enrolled. 


187 

(3)  Enumerations. 

Examples : 

(1)  Office  supplies 

(2)  Rent 

(3)  Telephone  &  Telegrams 

(a)  Traffic  Department 

(b)  Transportation  Department 

(4)  A  question-mark  used   after   an  assertion   to 
throw  doubt  upon  it. 

Example:     She  says   she   is    an   expert    (?)    stenog- 
rapher. 

It  would  similarly  enclose  an  exclamation- 
mark  used  to  express  wonder: 

Example :    They  have  already   written   800   ( ! )    en- 
velopes, and  stamped  them  too. 

Brackets 
Used  instead  of  parentheses. 

Bracket  or  Brace 
Used  to  connect  several  terms  or  items. 

Caret 

Used  to  show  where  interlined  words  are  to  be  in- 
serted. The  typist  may  use  a  combination  of  the  under- 
score and  fraction-mark,  as  shown  here: 

it 
Why  i£/that   so  many 


188 

DiEKESIS 

Placed  over  the  second  of  two  successive  vowels  to 
show  they  do  not  form  a  diphthong  but  are  pronounced 
separately,    aeronaut,  zoology. 

Asterisk 
Used  to  indicate  a  reference  or  an  ellipsis. 

Daggers 

Eeference  marks  connecting  words  in  the  text  with 
marginal  notes  or  footnotes. 

Paragraph. 

Used  in  printers '  ' '  copy ' '  or  shorthand  notes  to  indi- 
cate a  new  paragraph.  {X  or  two  vertical  parallel  lines  1 1 
are  also  used  by  shorthand-writers  to  indicate  a  para- 
graph.) 

Section 

(Combination  of  two  s's).  Placed  before  subdivi- 
sions of  books  to  facilitate  reference. 

Breve 
Denotes  the  short  sound  of  a  vowel.     Cat. 

Macron 
Denotes  the  long  sound  of  a  vowel.   Hate. 


189 

Ditto 
(The  same).    Denotes  words  or  figures  are  to  be  sup- 
plied from  the  line  above. 

Cedilla 

A  mark  placed  under  the  letter  c  in  certain  French 
words  commonly  used  in  English,  to  show  it  has  the  sound 
of  s.    fagade. 

Tilde  — (or  filde) 

Mark  placed  over  the  letter  n  in  certain  Spanish  words 
commonly  used  in  English  to  show  it  has  the  sound  of  ny 
— canon  (pronounced  kanyon).    Senor. 

Quit  Claim      See  Deeds. 
Deed. 

Railroad  Stocks  and  bonds  of  railroads.    When  in- 

securities, vesting  in  them,  earning  capacity,  physical 
condition,  management,  financing  or  indebt- 
edness, how  secured,  whether  legal  for  savings  banks,  and 
density  of  population  in  section  traversed,  are  vital  fac- 
tors to  be  taken  into  consideration. 

Rebate.  An  allowance  or  discount. 

Receipt.  An  admission  in  writing  that  something  has 

been  received. 
A  creditor  is  not  obliged  to  give  a  receipt;  it  is  a  mere 
act  of  courtesy. 


190 


wm^L^i/^ 


FoEM  OF  Receipt. 


$100.  NEW  York. MaJLAt 19l6_ 

'^ntXXiit  pf  Henry  Jones      ----- 
One  Hundred  ^\\m     -------   dollars. 

IN   FULL  OF  ALL  DEMANDS  AGAINST  HIM. 


Receipt  in  Full. 


$50. 

Fifty 

00/, An 

New  York        Jan.    1,         ,qi6 
Joseph  Shaw      ----- 

/ion 

~       POL-LARc; 

TO    APPLY    ON    ACCOUNT. 

jS^^l/Ut^  jZ^yy,^.dtAj 

Receipt  on  Account. 


Receiver.         A  person  appointed  by  a  court  to  administer 
the  affairs  of  an  insolvent  company,  or  to 
distribute  the  property  of  a  dissolved  company. 


191 

Registered       See  Bonds  and  Stocks. 
Bond. 

Release.  To   discharge   or   acquit  from   obligation. 

The  paper  or  instrument  in  which  a  right 
or  claim  is  renounced. 

Form  of  General  Release. 

Zo  all  to  wbom  tbcsc   presents  sball  come  or  mag  concern, 
greeting;  ftnow  ge,  That 

for  and  in  consideration  of  the  sum.  of Dollars 

lawful  money  of  the  United  States  of  America,  to in  hand 

paid   6y 

tlie  receipt  whereof  is  hereby  acknowledged,  have  remised,  released  and 

forever  discharged  and  hy  these  Presents  do  for 

heirs,  executors  and  administrators,  remise,  release  and  forever  discharge 

the  said heirs,  executors   and  administrators, 

of  all  and  from  all,  and  all  manner  of  action  and  actions,  cause  and 
causes  of  actions,  suits,  debts,  dues,  sums  of  money,  accounts,  reckovr 
ings,  bonds,  bills,  specialties,  covenants,  contracts,  controversies,  agree- 
ments, promises,  variances,  trespasses,  damages,  judgments,  extents, 
executions,  claims  and  demands  whatsoever  in  law  or  in  equity,  which 

against ever  had,  noiv  ha or  which 

heirs,  executors  or  administrators,  hereafter  can,  shall  or  may  have  for, 
upon  or  by  reason  of  any  matter,  cause  or  thing  whatsoever  from  the 
beginning  of  the  icorld  to  the  day  of  the  date  of  these  presents. 

f n  TKattnesS  Tttllbereof, have  hereunto  set hand and 

seal the day  of in  the  year 

of  our  Lord  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and 

SealcO  anD  BelivereD  in  tbe  presence  ot 

Release  The  release  by  a  widow  of  her  one-third  life 

of  Dower.         interest  in  the  estiite  of  her  husband. 


192 

FoEM  OF  Release  of  Doweb. 

Iknovv  all  /iBen  bg  tbcse  presents  that  i,  

of  the  tou-n  of ,  icife  of {or  widow  of ), 

late  of  said  toion,  deceased,  party  of  the  first  part,  in  consideration  of 

Dollars  to  me  paid  by of 

the  said  toicn  of party  of  the  second  part, 

the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby  acJcnoicledged,  have  granted,  remised,  re- 
leased, conveyed  and  forever  quit-claim,  and  by  these  presents  do  grant, 

remise,  release,  and  forever  quit-claim  unto  the  said 

and  to  his  heirs  and  assigns  forever,  all  the  douyer  and  thirds,  and  all 
other  right,  title,  interest,  property,  claim  and  demand  whatsoever,  in 

law  and  in  equity,  of  me,  the  said of,  in  and  to. 

Till     that  certain  piece,  parcel  or  lot  of  land,  situate  lying  and  being 

in  the  town  of and  bounded  and  described  as 

follows : 

(here  is  inserted  description  of  property) 

So  that  neither  I,  the  said my  heirs,  executors, 

administrators  and  assigns,  nor  any  other  person  or  persons  for  me,  them 
or  any  of  them,  shall  have  claim  or  demand  any  dower  or  thirds,  or  any 
other  right,  title,  claim  or  demand,  of,  in,  or  to  the  same,  or  any  part 
thereof,  but  thereof  and  therefrom  shall  be  utterly  barred  and  excluded 
forever. 

■ffn  TKHltnesS  TSnbeteot    /  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal  this 
day  of in  the  year 


SealeO  anD  Delivered  in  presence  of 

(witnesses)  (seal) 


Rights.  Stockholders  are  usually  given  the  right  to 

subscribe  to  any  new  stock  the  company  may 
issue.  If  the  company  is  one  of  the  large  and  prosperous 
ones,  these  rights  are  in  great  demand  and  are  bought  and 
sold  the  same  as  stock. 

Rolling  Stock  of  a  railroad  on  wheels — locomotives, 

Stock.  freight  and  passenger  cars,  hand  cars,  etc. 


193 


Roman                      I 

1 

XX 

20 

Numerals.              II 

2 

XXX 

30 

III 

3 

XL 

40 

IV 

4 

L 

50 

V 

5 

LX 

60 

VI 

6 

LXX 

70 

VII 

7 

LXXX 

80 

VIII 

8 

XC 

90 

IX 

9 

c 

100 

X  10 

cc 

200 

XI  11 

ccc 

300 

XII  12 

cccc 

400 

XIII  13 

D 

500 

XIV  14 

DC 

600 

XV  15 

DCC 

700 

XVI  16 

DCCC 

800 

XVII  17 

CM 

900 

XVIII  18 

M  1000 

XIX  19 

Royalties.  Proportion  of  revenue  paid  to  an  author  or 
inventor  for  the  right  to  use  his  work,  or 
the  revenue  paid  to  the  owner  of  land  for  the  privilege  of 
operating  his  property,  as  in  the  case  of  oil  wells,  mines, 
etc. 

Sabotag'e.         An  attempt  to  coerce  or  attain  an  object  by 
working  with  intentional  incompetency. 


Salvage.  The  allowance  or  compensation  made  by  the 

owners  for  assistance  rendered  their  vessel 

while  in  distress,  or  for  recovering  it  after  it  has  been  lost. 


194 

Satisfaction.    A  written  acknowledgment  that  an  indebted- 
ness or  obligation  has  been  paid. 

Savings  A  bank  organized  under  the  state  laws,  or 

Bank.  under  the  Federal  laws  if  in  the  District  of 

Columbia,  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  de- 
posits, the  intent  being  that  such  deposits  shall  largely  be 
the  savings  of  the  small  earners,  such  as  laborers,  wage 
earners,  and  small-salaried  persons  in  general,  who  are  not 
expected  to  be  in  a  position  to  invest  money  intelligently 
for  themselves,  and  whose  savings  are  so  small  that  no 
adequate  form  of  investment  can  easily  be  found.  The 
aggregate  of  these  savings  in  any  one  bank  is  supposed  to 
be  invested  by  an  intelligent  board  of  men  elected  for  the 
purpose,  usually  called  the  * '  Board  of  Investment  "or  *  *  Fi- 
nance Committee. ' '  The  legal  restrictions  placed  upon  the 
investment  of  * '  savings  bank ' '  funds  vary  greatly  in  differ- 
ent states,  some  being  very  strict  and  conservative  and 
properly  safeguarding  the  interest  of  depositors;  others 
woefully  lax  and  unsafe.  *  *  *  Interest  ranging  from 
3%  to  5%  according  to  the  bank  is  paid  on  money  de- 
posited, in  accordance  of  course  with  the  rules  and  regula- 
tions of  the  institution.— (E'.rfracf  from  "Municipal  and  Corpora- 
tion Bonds"  by  Montgomery  Rollins.) 

Scrip.  Certificate  for  a  fraction  of  a  share  of  stock. 

Temporary  certificate. 

Second  See  Mortgage. 

Mortgage. 


195 


Securities.       See  Investments. 


Semi- Annual.  Twice  a  year.  J- J   (January- July) ;  F-A 
(February- August) ;  M-S   (March- Septem- 
ber) ;  A-0  (April-October) ;  M-N  (May-November) ;  J-D 
(June-December). 

Serial  The  right  to  publish  an  article  serially  or  in 

Rights.  instalments  in  a  magazine,  newspaper  or 

other  issue  published  in  consecutive  order. 

Sherman  Under   the   following   anti-trust   law,    the 

Law.  Standard  Oil  Co.,  Tobacco  Trust  and  others 

were  dissolved: 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representa- 
tives of  the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled  : 

Sec.  1.  Every  contract,  combination  in  the  form  of 
trust  or  otherwise,  or  conspiracy,  in  restraint  of  trade  or 
commerce  among  the  several  States,  or  with  foreign  na- 
tions, is  hereby  declared  to  be  illegal.  Every  person  who 
shall  make  any  such  contract,  or  engage  in  any  such  com- 
bination or  conspiracy,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misde- 
meanor, and,  on  conviction  thereof,  shall  be  punished  by  a 
fine  not  exceeding  $5,000,  or  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding 
one  year,  or  by  both  said  punishments  in  the  discretion  of 
the  Court. 

Sec.  2.  Every  person  who  shall  monopolize,  or  attempt 
to  monopolize,  or  combine  or  conspire  with  any  other  person 
or  persons  to  monopolize  any  part  of  the  trade  or  commerce 
among  the  several  States,  or  with  foreign  nations,  shall  be 
deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  on  conviction  thereof, 
shall  be  punished  by  fine  not  exceeding  $5,000,  or  by  im- 
prisonment not  exceeding  one  year,  or  by  both  said  punish- 
ments, in  the  discretion  of  the  Court. 

Sec.  3.  Every  contract,  combination  in  form  or  trust 
or  otherwise,  or  conspiracy,  in  restrain  of  trade  or  commerce 


196 


in  any  Territory  of  the  United  States,  or  the  District  of 
Columbia,  or  in  restraint  of  trade  or  commerce  between  any 
such  Territory  and  another,  or  between  any  such  Territory 
or  Territories  and  State  or  States  or  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, or  with  foreign  nations,  or  between  the  District  of 
Columbia  and  any  State  or  States  or  foreign  nations.  Is 
hereby  declared  illegal.  Every  person  who  shall  make  any 
such  contract,  or  engage  in  any  such  combination  or  con- 
spiracy, shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  on 
conviction  thereof,  shall  be  punished  by  fine  not  exceeding 
$5,000.  or  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  one  year,  or  by  both 
said  punishments  in  the  discretion  of  the  Court. 

Sec.  4.  The  several  Circuit  Courts  of  the  United  States 
are  hereby  invested  with  jurisdiction  to  prevent  and  restrain 
violations  of  this  act ;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  sev- 
eral District  Attorneys  of  the  United  States,  in  their  respec- 
tive districts,  under  the  direction  of  the  Attorney  General, 
to  institute  proceedings  in  equity  to  prevent  and  restrain 
such  violations.  Such  proceedings  may  be  by  way  of  peti- 
tion setting  forth  the  case  and  praying  that  such  violation 
shall  be  enjoined  or  otherwise  prohibited.  When  the  parties 
complained  of  shall  have  been  duly  notified  of  such  petition 
the  Court  shall  proceed,  as  soon  as  may  be,  to  the  hearing 
and  determination  of  the  case ;  and  pending  such  petition 
and  before  final  decree,  the  Court  may  at  any  time  make 
such  temporai-y  restraining  order  or  prohibition  as  shall  be 
deemed  just  in  the  premises. 

Sec.  o.  Whenever  it  shall  appear  to  the  Court  before 
which  any  proceeding  under  sec.  4  of  this  act  may  be  pend- 
ing, that  the  ends  of  justice  require  that  other  parties 
should  be  brought  before  the  Court,  the  Court  may  cause 
them  to  be  summoned,  whether  they  reside  in  the  district 
in  which  the  Court  is  held  or  not;  and  subpoenas  to  that 
end  may  be  served  in  any  district  by  the  marshal  thereof. 

Sec.  6.  Any  property  owned  under  any  contract  or  by 
any  combination,  or  pursuant  to  any  conspiracy  (and  being 
the  subject  thereof)  mentioned  in  see.  1  of  this  act,  and 
being  in  the  course  of  transportation  from  one  State  to  an- 
other, or  to  a  foreign  country,  s'hall  be  forfeited  to  the 
United  States,  and  may  be  seized  and  condemned  by  like 
proceedings  as  those  provided  by  law  for  the  forfeiture, 
seizure  and  condemnation  of  property  imported  into  the 
United  States  contrarv  to  law. 


197 

Sec.  7.  Any  person  who  shall  be  injured  in  his  business 
or  property  by  any  other  person  or  corporation  by  reason 
of  anything  forbidden  or  declared  to  be  unlawful  by  this 
act  may  sue  therefor  in  any  Circuit  Court  of  the  United 
States  in  the  district  in  which  the  defendant  resides  or 
is  found,  without  respect  to  the  amount  in  controversy, 
and  shall  recover  threefold  the  damages  by  him  sustained, 
and  the  costs  of  suit,  including  a  reasonable  attorney's  fee. 

Sec.  8.  Tliat  the  word  "person"  or  "persons"  wherever 
used  in  this  act  shall  be  deemed  to  include  corporations 
and  associations  existing  under  or  authorized  by  the  laws  of 
either  the  United  States,  the  laws  of  any  of  the  Territories, 
the  laws  of  any  State  or  the  laws  of  any  foreign  country. 

Approved  July  2,  1890. 

Sic.  So;  thus. 

Signing"  by      An  illiterate  person  who  cannot  sign  his  or 
Mark.  her  name  signs  **by  mark";  that  is,  his  or 

her  name  is  written  by  another,  the  illiterate 
making  the  mark  ''X"  and  the  words  ''His  (Her)  Mark" 
are  written  above  and  below  it,  i.  e., 

It  is  necessary  to  have  two  witnesses  attest  such  a  signa- 
ture. 

Sine  Die.  AVithout  date. 

Sine  Qua         Indispensable  condition. 
Non. 


198 

Sinking  A  fund  set  apart  from  earnings  to  redeem 

Fund.  the  securities  of  a  company  when  they  be- 

come due  or  to  take  up  obligations. 


Site. 


Piece  of  land.     Location. 


Solvent. 


Able  to  meet  debts  and  obligations. 


Specie. 


Gold  or  silver  money.  Coins. 


Speed 
Records. 


steam  Locomotive 115  Mi 

Aeroplane    106 

Automobile   106 

Electric  Locomotive  90 

Motorcycle    83 

Motor   Boat    54 

Dirigible    45 

Steamship  (passenger)    32 

(Subject  to  change) 


es  per  hour 


c^Hl 


Spot  Cash.  Merchandise  to  be  paid  for  on  delivery ; 
sent  ^'C.  0.  D."  (Cash  or  Collect  on  Deliv- 
ery). 


Spot  Price.      The  day's  price. 

Standard  of  The  standard  of ' '  fineness ' '  for  gold  and  sil- 
Weight  and  ver  coins  is  defined  as  follows  in  the  law  of 
Fineness.  1873  (R  S  3514) :  ''The  standard  for  both 
gold  and  silver  coins  of  the  United  States 
shall  be  such  that  of  one  thousand  parts  by  weight  nine 


199 

hundred  shall  be  of  pure  metal  and  one  hundred  of  alloy. 
The  alloy  of  the  gold  coins  shall  be  of  copper,  or  of  copper 
and  silver ;  but  the  silver  shall  in  no  case  exceed  one-tenth 
of  the  whole  alloy. ' ' 

In  the  actual  making  of  coins  there  is  slight  variation 
from  the  Standard  values  and  tolerances  or  allowable  er- 
rors are  also  established.  The ' '  standard ' '  however  refers 
only  to  the  correct  or  ideal  values.  The  Standard  weights 
of  the  coins  are  as  follows : 


Gold  Coins             Amount  $20.00 

Weiglit 

Grains 

516 

10.00 

>< 

" 

258 

5.00 

<{ 

'« 

129 

2.50 

" 

" 

(M.5 

Silver  Coins                 "           1.00 

« 

« 

412.5 

.50 

<( 

<t 

192.9 

.25 

<i 

" 

96.45 

.10 

<i 

<( 

38.58 

Minor  Coins                 "             .05 

« 

« 

77.16 

.01 

u 

<i 

48. 

See  Sterling. 

Standard         See  Difference  in 

Time. 

Time. 

Status  Quo.     The  existing  state. 

Statutes  of      See  Debts  and  Interest. 
Limitation. 

Sterling.  The  standard  of  fineness  for  gold  and  silver 

coins  as  defined  by  British  law.  The  stand- 
ard for  gold  coins  is,  pure  metal  .916,  or  11/12,  and  of  sil- 
ver .925.     Anything  made  of  sterling  silver  conforms  to 


200 

this  ratio  of  92y2  silver  to  71/0%  alloy.    Also  meaning  true, 
genuine,  fine,  as  a  sterling  character. 

Stock  The  definition  of  a  stock  exchange  given  by 

Exchange.  the  Congressional  Committee  which  investi- 
gated the  Exchange  is:  ''A  stock  exchange 
is  a  market  or  meeting  place  controlled  by  rules  on  which 
only  members  are  permitted  to  deal  with  one  another  on 
their  own  behalf,  or  for  their  customers,  where  securities 
of  corporations  are  bought  and  sold.  Manifestly,  a  secur- 
ity privileged  to  be  bought  and  sold  on  such  exchange  ob- 
tains a  wider  market  and  a  more  definite  current  value  than 
one  which  is  not." 

The  New  York  Stock  Exchange  was  organized  in  1817. 

The  Hughes  Commission,  in  its  report  dated  June  7, 
1909,  describes  the  functions  of  the  New  York  Stock  Ex- 
change as  follows: 

"The  New  York  Stock  Exchange  is  a  voluntary  organi- 
zation limited  to  1,100  members,  of  whom  about  700  are 
active,  some  of  them  residents  of  other  cities.  Memberships 
are  sold  for  about  $80,000.  The  Exchange  as  such  does  no 
business,  merely  providing  facilities  to  members  and  regu- 
lating their  conduct.  The  governing  power  is  in  an  elected 
committee  of  forty  members  and  is  plenary  in  scope.  The 
business  transacted  on  the  floor  is  the  purchase  and  sale  of 
stocks  and  bonds  of  corporations  and  governments.  Prac- 
tically all  transactions  must  be  completed  by  delivery  and 
payment  on  the  following  day. 

The  mechanism  of  the  Exchange,  provided  by  its  consti- 
tution and  rules,  is  the  evolution  of  more  than  a  century. 
An  organization  of  stock-brokers  existed  here  in  1792,  ac- 
quiring more  definite  form  in  1817.  It  seems  certain  that 
for  a  long  period  the  members  were  brokers  or  agents 
only ;  at  the  present  time  many  are  principals  as  well  as 
agents,  trading  for  themselves  as  well  as  for  their  custom- 


201 


ers.  A  number  of  prominent  capitalists  hold  membership 
merely  for  the  purpose  of  availing  themselves  of  the  reduced 
commission  charge  which  the  rules  authorize  between  mem- 
bers. 

The  volume  of  transactions  indicates  that  the  Exchange  is 
today  probably  the  most  important  financial  Institution  In 
the  world.     *     ♦     *" 

NAMES   OF   FOREIGN   EXCHANGES. 

Paris   Bourse  de  Paris 

Germany    Der  Berliner  Borse 

Spain  Bolsa  Nacional,  Madrid 

Russia  Berscha,  Petrograd 


Stocks  and 
Bonds. 


See  Bonds  and  Stocks. 


Stock-  Those  who  have  invested  funds  in  the  shares 

holders.  of  a  company.    In  case  of  the  failure  of  the 

company,  stockholders  usually  cannot  be 
held  liable  for  more  than  the  amount  of  their  shares.  See 
Bonds  and  Stocks. 


Stop  Order.      An  order  to  a  broker  to  sell  when  a  stock 
reaches  a  certain  price.  An  order  on  a  bank 
to  stop  payment  of  a  check. 

Subject  to       Offering  made  with  understanding  it  is  not 
Sale.  binding  if  sale  is  made  to  another  in  the 

meantime. 


Subpoena. 

Subsidiary 
Company. 


A  writ  commanding  a  person  to  appear  to 
give  testimony. 

A  subordinate  or  affiliated  company. 


202 

Subsidy.  Assistance  given  by  a  government  to  public 

utility  companies  or  others,  in  the  expecta- 
tion it  will  redound  to  the  benefit  of  the  general  public. 

Sunday  All  contracts  made  on  Sunday  are  void,  ex- 

Contracts,        cept  those  for  works  of  charity  or  necessity. 
Deeds,  notes  and  checks  made  on  Sunday 
are  void;  they  may  be  dated  ahead  or  on  Monday.     See 
Business  Laws. 

Surety.  A  guaranty  or  security  against  loss,  or  for 

the  carrying  out  of  some  agreed  promise  or 
act.  A  person  (or  company)  who  so  guarantees  another 
acts  as  ''surety"  and  any  paper  or  bond  given  as  evidence 
of  the  fact  bears  the  same  title.  A  surety  company  is  one, 
which,  for  proper  compensation,  acts  as  '' surety,  "—(^'■ow 
"Municipal  and  Corporation  Bonds,''  hy  Montgomery  Rollins.) 

Syndicate.  A  group  of  men,  bankers  or  any  combination 
of  the  same  who  unite  their  mutual  interests 
for  the  purchase  or  control  of  certain  properties  or  securi- 
ties. The  members  of  the  syndicate  are  generally  bound  by 
what  is  called  a  * '  syndicate  agreement, ' '  in  other  words  a 
written  instrument  to  carry  out  the  terms  of  the  agreement 
signed  by  the  parties.  Some  person,  firm,  bank  or  trust 
company  is  usually  selected  as  a  ** syndicate  manager" 
whose  duty  it  is  to  see  that  the  terms  of  the  ''syndicate 
agreement"  are  fulfilled  by  all  ^scaii^^ -{From  ^'Municipal  and 

Corporation  Bonds,"  hy  Montgomery  Rollins.) 


203 


Synonyms.       (Crabb's  Synom-ms,  Harper  &  Brothers.) 


Abandon — desert,     forsake,     relin- 
quish, resign,  renounce,  abdicate 
Abase — humble,  degrade,  disgrace, 

debase 
Abash — confound,  confuse 
Abate — lessen,  dimmish,   decrease 
Abhoe — detest,   abominate,  loathe 
Ability — dexterity,  address 

Able — capable,  capacious 

Abjure — recant,     retract,     revoke, 
recall 

Abolish — abrogate,  repeal,  revoke, 
annul,  cancel 

Abominate — detest,   execrate 

Above — over,  upon,  beyond 

Abeidge — curtail,  contract 

Abridgment  —   compendium,   epi- 
tome, digest,  summary,  abstract 

Abrupt — rugged,  rough 

Abscond — steal  away,  secrete  one's 
self 

Absent — abstracted,    abstract,    di- 
verted, distracted 

Absolat: — acquit,  clear 

Absolute — despotic,   arbitrary,   ty- 
rannical 

Absorb — swallow    up,    ingulf,    en- 
gross, imbibe 

Abstain — forbear,   refrain 

Abstinence — fast 

Abstinent — sober,  abstemious,  tem- 
perate 

Abstract — separate,    distinguish 

Abstraction — alienation,  estrange- 
ment 

Abuse — ^misuse 

Abuse — invective 

Acceptable — grateful,  welcome 


Accidental — incidental,    casual, 

contingent 
Accompaniment — companion,    con- 
comitant 

Accompany — attend,  escort 

Accomplish — effect,  execute, 
achieve 

Accomplish — perfect 

Accost — salute,  address,  greet, 
hail,  welcome 

Account — reckoning,  bill,  narra- 
tive, description 

Accurate — exact,   precise 

Accuse — charge,   impeach,   arraign 

Accuse — censure 

Acknowledge — own,  confess,  avow 

Acquaintance — familiarity,  intim- 
acy 

Acquire — obtain,  gain,  win,  earn, 
attain 

Acquirement — acquisition 

Acrimony — tartness,  asperity., 
harshness 

Act — do,  make,  work,  operate, 
action,  deed 

Action  —  gesture,  gesticulation, 
posture,  attitude 

Active — diligent,  industrious,  as- 
siduous, laborious,  brisk,  agile, 
nimble,   busy,  officious 

Actor — agent,  player,  performer 

Actual — real,  positive 

Actuate — impel,  induce 

Acute — keen,  shrewd 

Add — join,  unite,  coalesce 

Addict — devote,  apply 

Address — apply,  speech,  harangue, 
oration 

Adduce — allege,   assign,  advance 


Acceptance — acceptation 
Accident  —  chance,  contingency,     Adhere— attach 
casualty  Adhesion — adherence 


504 


Adjacent— adjoining,  contiguous 
Admit — receive,  allow,  permit,  suf- 
fer, tolerate,  grant 
Admittance — admission 
Admonish — advise 
Admonition — warning,   caution 
Adobe — worship,     reverence,     ven- 
erate, revere 
Adorn — decorate,  embellish 
Adulate — flatter,  compliment 
Advance — proceed 
Advantage — benefit,    utility,   profit 
Adverse — contrary,  opposite,  inim- 
ical, hostile,  repugnant,  averse 
Adversity — distress 
Advertise — publish 
Advice — counsel,  instruction 
Affable — courteous 
Affair — business,  concern 

Affect — concern,  assume,  pretend 

Affected — disposed 

Affection — love 

Affectionate — kind,  fond 

Affirm — asseverate,  assure,  vouch, 
aver,   protest,   assert 

Affix — subjoin,  attach,  annex 

Afflict — distress,  trouble 

Affliction — grief,  sorrow 

Afford — yield,  produce 

Afford — spare 

Afraid — fearful,    timorous,    timid 

After — behind 

Aggravate — irritate,    provoke,    ex- 
asperate, tantalize 

Aggressor — assailant 

Agitation — trepidation,        tremor, 
emotion 

Agree — accede,     consent,     comply, 
acquiesce 

Agree — accord,  suit,  coincide,  con- 
cur 

Agreeable — pleasant,  pleasing 


Agreement — contract,       covenant, 

compact,  bargain 
Aim — object,  end,  view 
Aim — point,  level,  aspire 
Air — manner,  mien,  look 
Alarm — terror,    fright,    consterna- 
tion 
Alertness — alacrity 
All — whole,  every,  each 
Allay — soothe,   appease,   mitigate. 

assuage 
Alleviate — relieve 
Alliance  —   league,   confederacy, 

affinity 
Allot — ^appoint,  destine 
Allow — grant,  bestow 
Allowance  —  stipend,      salary, 

wages,  hire,  pay 
Allude — refer,  hint,  suggest 
Allure — tempt,  seduce,  entice,  de- 
coy 
Ally — con  federate 
Alone — solitary,  lonely 
Also — likewise,  too 
Always — at  all  times,  ever 
Ambassador — envoy,     plenipotenti- 
ary, deputy 
Ambiguous — equivocal 
Amend — correct,    emend,    improve, 

mend,  better 
Amiable — lovely,  beloved 
Amicable — friendly 
Amorous — loving,  fond 
Ample — spacious,  capacious 
Amuse — divert,   entertain,  beguile 
Amusement — entertainment,        di- 
version,   sport,    recreation,    pas- 
time 
Anecdote — story,    memoir,    chron- 
icle, annal 
Anger — resentment,  wrath,  ire,  In- 
dignation, choler,  rage,   fury 


205 


Animadversion — criticism,       stric- 
ture 
Animal — brute,  beast 
Animate — inspire,    enliven,    cheer, 

exhilarate 
Announce — proclaim,   publish 
Answer — reply,  rejoinder,  response 
Answerable — responsible,  account- 
able, amenable 
Antecedent — preceding,   foregoing, 
previous,  anterior,  prior,  former 
Apologize — defend,   justify,   excul- 
pate, excuse,  plead 
Apparel — attire,  array 
Apparent — visible,  clear,  plain,  ob- 
vious, evident,  manifest 
Appearance — air,  aspect 
Appease — calm,  pacify,  quiet,  still 
Applause — acclamation 
Appoint — order,  prescribe,  ordain 
Appraise  —  appreciate,  estimate, 

esteem 
Apprehend — conceive,  suppose,  Im- 
agine, fear,  dread 
Approach — access,  admittance,  ap- 
proximate 
Appropriate — usurp,   abrogate,   as- 
sume, ascribe 
Architect — builder 
Argue — dispute,     debate,     evince, 

prove 
Argument — reason,  proof 
Arise — mount,  ascend,  climb,  scale, 
proceed,  issue,  spring,  flow,  ema- 
nate 
Arms — weapons 
Army — host 

Arrogance — ^presumption 
Art — cunning,  deceit 
Artful — artificial,  fictitious 
Article — condition,  term 
Artifice — trick,  finesse,  stratagem 


Artist — artisan,  artificer,  me- 
chanic 

Ascribe — impute,   attribute 

Ask — beg,  request,  claim,  demand, 
inquire,    question,    interrogate 

Asperse — detract,  defame,  slander, 
calumniate 

Assemble — muster,  collect,  con- 
vene, convoke 

Assembly — assemblage,  group,  col- 
lection, company,  meeting,  con- 
gregation, parliament,  diet,  con- 
gress, convention,  synod,  convo- 
cation, council 

Assent — consent,  approbation,  con- 
currence 

Assert — maintain,   vindicate 

Associate — companion 

Association — society,  company, 
partnership,  combination 

Assurance — confidence,  Impudence 

Astronomy — astrology 

Asylum — refuge,   shelter,   retreat 

Atone  for — expiate 

Attachment — affection,  inclina- 
tion 

Attack — assail,  assault,  encounter, 
onset,  charge 

Attempt — trial,  endeavor,  effort, 
essay,  undertaking,  enterprise 

Attend  to — mind,  regard,  heed, 
notice,  wait  on,  hearken,  listen 

Attention — application,  study 

Attentive — careful 

ATTiiACT — allure,  invite,  engage 

Attractions — allurements,  charms 

Audacity — effrontery,  hardihood 
or  hardiness,  boldness 

Augur — presage,  forebode,  betoken, 
portend 

Auspicious — propitious 

Austere — rigid,  severe,  rigorous, 
stern 


206 


Avaricious  —  miserly,  parsimoni- 
ous, niggardly 

Avenge — revenge,   vindicate 

Averse— unwilling,  backward, 
loath,  reluctant 

Aversion — antipathy,  dislike,  ha- 
tred,  repugnance 

Avidity — greediness,   eagerness 

Avoid — eschew,   shun,  elude 

Awaken — excite,  provoke,  rouse, 
stir  up 

Aware— on  one's  guard,  apprised, 
conscious 

Awe — reverence,  dread 

Awkward — clumsy,  cross,  unto- 
ward, crooked,  forward,  per- 
verse 

Axiom — maxim,  aphorism,  apoph- 
thegm, saying,  adage,  proverb, 
by-word,  saw 

Babble — chatter,  chat,  prattle, 
prate 

Back — backward,  behind 

Bad — wicked,  evil 

Badly — ill 

Baffle — defeat,  discontent,  con- 
found 

Band — company,   crew,   gang 

Bane — pest,  ruin 

Banish — exile,  expel 

Bake — naked,  uncovered,  scanty, 
destitute,  mere 

Base — vile,  mean 

Battle — c  o  m  b  a  t,  engagements, 
action 

Be — exist,   subsist,  become,   grow 

Bear — yield,  carry,  convey,  trans- 
port, suffer,  endure,   support 

Beat— strike,  hit,  defeat,  over- 
power, rout,  overthrow 

Beatification — canonization 


Beautiful — fine,  handsome,  pretty 

Becoming — decent,  seemly,  fit,  suit- 
able,   comely,   graceful 

Beg — desire,  beseech,  solicit,  en- 
treat, supplicate,  implore,  crave 

Begin — commence,  enter  upon 

Behavior — conduct,  carriage,  de- 
portment,  demeanor 

Belief — credit,  trust,  faith 

Bend — bent 

Benefaction — donation 

Beneficient — bountiful,  bounte- 
ous, munificent,  generous,  lib- 
eral 

Benefit — favor,  kindness,  civility 

Benefit — service,  good  office 

Benevolence — beneficence,  benign- 
ity, humanity,  kindness,  tender- 
ness 

Bent — curved,  crooked,  awry,  bias, 
inclination,  prepossession 

Bereave — deprive,  strip 

Besides — moreover,  except 

Bewail — bemoan,  lament 

Bias — prepossession,  prejudice 

Bind — tie,  oblige,  engage 

Bishopric — diocese 

Blame — censure,  condemn,  re- 
prove, reproach,  upbraid 

Blameij:ss — irreproachable,  un- 
blemished, unspotted,  or  six)tless 

Blemish — stain,  spot,  speck,  flaw, 
defect,  fault 

Blot  out — expunge,  rase  or  erase, 
efface,  cancel,  obliterate 

Blow — stroke 

Body — corpse,  carcass 

Bold — fearless,  i  ntrepid,  un- 
daunted 

Booty — spoil,  prey 

Border — edge,  rim,  or  brim,  brink, 
margin,  verge,  boundary,  fron- 
tier,  confine,  precinct 


«07 


Bound — limit,  confine,  circum- 
scribe, restrict 

Boundless — unbounded,  unlimited, 
infinite 

Bounds — boundary 

Brave — gallant,  defy,  dare,  clial- 
lenge 

Bbaveby — courage,  valor 

Breach — breali,  gap,  chasm 

Break — rack,  rend,  tear,  bruise, 
squeeze,  pound,  crush,  burst, 
crack,  split 

Breed — engender 

Breeze — gale,  blast,  gust,  storm, 
tempest,   hurricane 

Brightness — lustre,  splendor,  bril- 
liancy 

Bring — fetch,  carry 

Build — erect,  construct 

Bulky — massive 

Burial — interment,  sepulture 

Business — occupation,  employ- 
ment,  engagement,  avocation, 
trade,  profession,  art,  office, 
duty 

Bustle — tumult,  uproar 

Buy — ^purchase,  bargain,  clieapen 

Calamity — disaster,       misfortune, 

mischance,  mishap 
Calculate — reckon,  compute,  count 
Calendar — almanac,  ephemeris 
Call — cry,     exclaim,     invite,     bid, 

summon 
Calm — composetl,  collected,  placid, 

serene 
Can — may 

Candid — open,  sincere 
Capacity — capaciousness 
Captious — cross,  peevish,  petulant, 

fretful 
Capture — seizure,  prize 


Care — solicitude,  anxiety,  concern, 
regard,  charge,  management 

Careful — cautious,  provident 

Caress — fondle 

Carnage  —  slaughter,  massacre, 
butchery 

Carriage — gait,  walk 

Case — cause 

Cast — throw,  hurl,  turn,  descrip- 
tion 

Cause — reason,  motive,  occasion, 
create 

Cautious — wary,  circumspect 

Cease — leave  off,  discontinue 

Celebrate — commemorate 

Celestial — heavenly 

Censure — animadvert,  criticise 

Censure — carp,  cavil 

Certain — sure,  secure 

Cessation — stop,  rest,  intermis- 
sion 

Chain — fetter,  band,  shackle 

Chance — fortune,  fate,  probabil- 
ity, hazard 

Change — alter,  vary,  exchange, 
barter,  substitute,  variation,  vi- 
cissitude 

Changeable — mutable,  variable, 
inconsistent,  fickle,  versatile 

Character — reputation 

Charm — enchant,  fascinate,  en- 
rapture, captivate 

Chasten — to  chastise 

Chastity — continence 

Cheat — defraud,   trick 

Check — curb,  control,  rebuff,  rep- 
rimand, reprove,   rebuke,  stop 

Cheer — encourage,  comfort 

Cheereul — merry,   sprightly,   gay 

Chief — |)rincipal,  main,  leader, 
chieftain,  head 

Childish — infantine 

Chili. — cold 


208 


Choose — prefer,  pick,  select,  elect 

CiBCLE — sphere,  orb,  globe 

CiBCUiT — tour,  round 

CiBCUMSCKiBE — iuclose 

Circumstance — incident,   fact 

CIECUMSTANTLA.L — particular,  min- 
ute 

Cite — quote,  summon 

Civil — polite,  obliging,  complai- 
sant 

Clandestine — secret 

Clasp — hug,  embrace 

Class — order,  rank,  degree,  ar- 
range, range 

Clean — cleanly,  pure 

Cleab — lucid,  bright,  vivid 

Cleablt — distinctly 

Cleaenes  s — persplcul  ty 

Clemency — lenity,  mercy 

Cleeqyman — parson,  priest,  min- 
ister 

Cleveb — skillful,  expert,  dexter- 
ous, adroit 

Cloak — mask,  blind,  veil 

Clog — load,  encumber 

Cloistee — convent,  monastery 

Close — compact,  near,  nigh,  shut, 
conclude,  finish 

Coadjuteb — assistant 

Coaese — rough,  rude 

Coax — wheedle,  cajole,  fawn 

Coeece — restrain 

Coeval — contemporary 

Cogent — forcible,  strong 

Colleague — partner 

Colob — dye,  tinge,  stain,  hue,  tint 

Colorable — specious,  ostensible, 
plausible,  feasible 

Combat — oppose 

Combatant — champion 

Combination — cabal,  plot,  conspi- 
racy 


Come — arrive 

Comfort — pleasure 

Command — order,  injunction,  pre- 
cept 

Commanding — imperative,  imperi- 
ous, authoritative 

Commission — authorize,   empower 

Commodious — convenient 

Commodity — goods,  merchandise, 
ware 

Common — vulgar,  ordinary,  mean 

Commonly — generally,  frequently, 
usually 

Com  motion — disturbance 

Communicate — impart 

Communion — converse 

Community — society 

CoMPABisoN — contrast 

Compatible — consistent 

Compel — force,    oblige,    necessitate 

Compensation — amends,  satisfac- 
tion, recompense,  remuneration, 
requital,  reward 

Competent — fitted,  qualified 

Competition — emulation,    rivalry 

Complain — lament,  regret,  mur- 
mur, repine 

Complaint — accusation 

Complaisance — deference,  conde- 
scension 

Complete — ^perfect,   finished 

Complexity — complication,  intric- 
acy 

Comply — conform,  yield,  submit 

Compliant — yielding,  submissive 

Compose — settle 

Composed — sedate 

Compound — complex,   compose 

Comprehensive — extensive 

Comprise — comprehend,  embrace 
contain,  include 

Conceal — dissemble,  disguise,  hide 
secrete 


209 


CoNCEALM  ENT — sccrecy 

Conceit — fancy 

Conceive — understand,  compre- 
hend 

CoNGEPTiON — notion 

Concert — contrive,  manage 

Conciliate — reconcile 

Conclusion — inference,    deduction 

Conclusive — 'decisive,  convincing 

Concord — liarmony 

Condition — s  t  a  tion 

Conduce — contribute 

Conduct — manage,  direct 

Confederate — accomplice 

Confer — bestow 

Confide — trust 

Confident — dogmatical,  positive 

Confinement — imprisonment,  cap- 
tivity 

Confirm — establish 

Conflict — combat,  contest 

Conformable — agreeable,    suitable 

Confound — confuse 

Confront — face 

Confusion — disorder 

Confute — refute,  disprove,  oppugn 

Conjecture — sui>position,   surmise 

Conjuncture — crisis 

Connect — combine,   unite 

Connection — relation 

Conquer — vanquish,  subdue,  over- 
come, surmount 

CONQUERER — Victor 

Conscientious — scrupulous 
Consent — permit,  allow 
Consequence — effect,  result,  issue, 

event 
Consider — reflect 
Consideration — reason 
Consign — commit,  intrust 
Console — solace,  comfort 
Consonant — accordant,  consistent 


Constancy — stability,  steadiness, 
firmness 

Constitute — appoint,  depute 

Constraint — compulsion,   restraint 

Consult — deliberate 

CoNSUM  MATioN — Completion 

Contact — touch 

Contagion — infection 

Contagious — ei^idemical,  pestilen- 
tial 

Contain — ^hold 

Contaminate — defile,  pollute,  taint, 
corrupt 

Contemn — despise,   scorn,  disdain 

Contemplate — mediate,   muse 

Contemptible — contemptuous,  de- 
spicable, pitiful 

Contemptuous — scornful,  disdain- 
ful 

Contend — contest,  dispute 

Contentment — satisfaction 

Continual — perpetual,  constant 

Continual — continued 

Continuance — continuation,  dura- 
tion, continuity 

Continue — remain,  stay,  perse- 
vere, persist,  pursue,  prosecute 

Contracted — confined,  narrow 

Contradict — deny,  oppose 

Contrive — devise,  invent 

Controvert — dispute 

Contumacy — rebellion 

Convenient — suitable 

Conversant — familiar 

Conversation — dialogue,  confer- 
ence, colloquy 

Convert — proselyte 

Convict — detect,  convince,  per- 
suade 

Convivial — social 

Cool — cold,  fi-igid 

Copy — transcribe,  model,  pattern, 
specimen 


210 


Coquet — jilt 
CoRNEE — angle 

Corporal — corporeal,    bodily,    ma- 
terial 
CoBPUiENT — stout,   lusty 
Correct — rectify,  reforin,  accurate 
Correction  —  discipliue,     punish- 
ment 
Correspondent — answerable,    suit- 
able 
Cost — expense,  price,  charge 
Cover — hide,  shelter,  screen 
CovETousNEss — cupidity,    avarice 
Countenance — sanction,  support 
Countryman  —  peasant,     swain, 

hind,  rustic,  clown 
Couple — pair,  brace 
Courage — fortitude,    resolution 
Course — race,  passage 
Courteous — complaisant,   courtly 
Credit — favor,  influence 
Crime — vice,  sin,  misdemeanor 
Criminal — guilty,     culprit,     male- 
factor,   felon,  convict 
Criterion — standard 
Cruel — inhuman,    barbarous,    bru- 
tal, savage 
Cry — weep,  scream,  shriek 
Culpable — faulty 
Cultivation — culture,   civilization, 

refinement,  tillage,  husbandry 
Cunning — crafty,  subtle,  sly,  wily 
Cure — heal,   remedy 
Curious — Inquisitive,  prying 
CuBSOEY — hasty,  slight,  desultory 
Custom — habit,    fashion,    manner, 
practice 

Daily — diurnal 
Dainty — delicacy 
Danger — peril,  hazard 
Daring — bold 


Dark — obscure,    dim,    mysterious 

Deadly — mortal,    fatal 

Deal — quantity,  portion 

Death  —departure,  decease,  de- 
mise 

Debate — deliberate 

Debility — infirmity,  imbecility 

Debt — due 

Decay — decline,  consumption 

Deceit— deception,  fraud,  guile 

Deceive — delude,  impose  upon 

Deceiver — impostor 

Decency — decorum 

Decide — determine,   conclude  upon 

Decided — determined,  resolute,  de- 
cisive 

Declaim — inveigh 

Decree — edict,  proclamation 

Dedicate — devote,  consecrate,  hal- 
low 

Deduct — subtract 

Deduction — abatement 

Deed — exploit,    achievement,   feat 

Deface — disfigure,  deform 

Defeat — foil,  disappoint,  frustrate 

Defection — revolt 

Defective — deficient 

Defend — ^protect,  vindicate 

Defendant — defender 

Defender — advocate,  pleader 

Defensible — defensive 

Definite — positive 

Definition — explanation 

Deity — divinity 

Dejection  —  depression,  melan- 
choly 

Delay — defer,  postpone,  procrasti- 
nate, prolong,  protract,  retard 

Delegate — depute,  delegate,  dep- 
uty 

Delightful — charming 

Delineate — sketch 


211 


Deuvee — rescue,  save 

Delivb:rance — delivery 

Demand — require 

Demolish — raze,  dismantle,  des- 
troy 

Demur — hesitate,  pause,  doubt, 
hesitation,  objection 

Denote — signify 

Deny — refuse 

Dependence — reliance 

Depioee — lament 

Deponent — evidence,  "witness 

Deposit — pledge,  security 

Depravity  —  depravation,  corrup- 
tion 

Depredation — robbery 

Deprive — debar,  abridge 

Depth — profundity 

Derangement  —  insanity,  lunacy, 
madness,  mania 

Deride — mock,  ridicule,  rally,  ban- 
ter 

Derive — trace,  deduce 

Desert — merit,  vrorth 

Design — purpose,  intend,  mean, 
plan,  scheme,  project 

Desire — wish,  long  for,  hanker 
after,  covet 

Desist — leave  off 

Despair  —  desperation,  despond- 
ency 

Desperate — hopeless 

Destiny — fate,  lot,  doom,  destina- 
tion 

Destroy — consume,    waste 

Destruction — ruin 

Destructive — ruinous,  pernicious 

Detect — discover 

Determine — resolve 

Deviate — wander,  swerve,  stray 

Devil — demon 

Devise — bequeath 


Dictate — ^prescribe,  suggestion 

Diction — style,  phrase,  phrase- 
ology 

Dictionary  —  encyclopaedia,  lexi- 
con, vocabulary,  glossary,  no- 
menclature 

Die — expire 

Differ — vary,  disagree,  dissent 

Difference  —  variety,  diversity, 
medley 

Difference — distinction,  dispute, 
altercation,  quarrel 

Different — distinct,  separate,  sev- 
eral, divers,  sundry,  various,  un- 
like 

Difficulties  —  embarrassments, 
troubles,  obstacles,   impediments 

Diffuse — prolix 

Digress — deviate 

Dilate — expand 

Diligent — expeditious,  prompt 

Direct — regulate,   dispose 

Direction  —  address,  superscrip- 
tion, order 

Directly — immediately,  instantly, 
instantaneously 

Disadvantage — injury,  hurt,  detri- 
ment, prejudice 

Disaffection — disloyalty 

Disappear — vanish 

Disapprove — dislike 

Disavow — deny,  disown 

Disbelief — unbelief 

Discernment  —  penetration,  dis- 
crimination, judgment 

Disclaim — disown 

Discord — strife 

Discover — manifest,  declare 

Discredit  —  disgrace,  reproach, 
scandal 

Discuss — examine 

Disengage — disentangle,   extricate 


212 


Disgust — loathing,  nausea 

Dishonest — knavisli 

Dishonor — disgrace,  shame 

Disjoint — dismember 

Dislike — displeasure,  dissatisfac- 
tion, distaste,  disgust,  disincli- 
nation 

Dismay — daunt,  appall 

Dismiss — discharge,  discard 

DisoKDEK — derange,  disconcert,  dis- 
compose, disease,  distemper,  mal- 
ady 

Disparage — detract,  traduce,  de- 
preciate, degrade,  decry,  dero- 
gate, degrade 

Disparity — inequality 

Dispassionate — cool 

Dispel — disperse 

Dispense — distribute 

Displease — offend,   vex 

Displeasure — anger,  disapproba- 
tion 

Disposal — disposition 

Dispose — arrange,  digest 

Disposition — temper,    inclination 

Disregard — neglect,   slight 

Dissension — contention,  discord 

Distant — far,  remote 

Distinguish — discriminate 

Distinguished  —  conspicuous, 
noted,  eminent,   illustrious 

Distress — anxiety,  anguish,  agony, 
harass,  perplex 

Distribute — allot,  assign,  appor- 
tion 

District — region,  tract,  quarter 

Distrust — suspicion,   diffidence 

Disturb — interrupt 

Divide — separate,  part,  distribute, 
share 

Docile — tractable,  ductile 

Doctrine — precept,  principle,  dog- 
ma, tenet 


Doubt — question,  suspense 

Doubtful  —  dubious,  uncertain, 
precarious 

Draw — drag,  haul,  or  hale,  pull, 
pluck,  tug 

Dream — reverie 

Dregs — sediment,  dross,  scum,  ref- 
use 

Dull — gloomy,   sad,  dismal 

Durable — constant 

D  uration — time 

Dutiful — obedient,  respectful 

Duty — obligation 

Eager — earnest,  serious 

Earnest — pledge 

Ease — quiet,  rest,  repose,  easiness, 
facility,    lightness 

Easy — ready 

Ebullition  —  effervescence,  fer- 
mentation, ferment 

Ecclesiastic — divine,  theologian 

Eclipse — obscure 

Economy  —  frugality,  parsimony, 
management 

Economical  —  saving,  sparing, 
thrifty,  penurious,  niggardly 

Ecstacy — rapture,  transport 

Edifice — structure,  fabric 

Education — instruction,   breeding 

Effect — produce,  perform 

Effective — efficient,  effectual,  effi- 
cacious 

Effusion — ejaculation 

Elderly — aged,  old 

Eligible — ^preferable 

Elocution  —  eloquence,  oratory, 
rhetoric 

Embarrass — perplex,  entangle 

Embryo — foetus 

Emissary — spy 

Emit — exhale,  evaporate 

Empire — kingdom,  reign,  dominion 


213 


Employ — use 

Empty — vacaut,  void,  devoid 
Encomium — eulog}',    panegyric 
Encourage — animate,  incite,  impel, 

urg>e,  stimulate,  instigate 
Encourage   —    advance,   promote, 

prefer,   forward,  embolden 
Encroach — intrench,    intrude,    in- 
vade, infringe 
End — terminate,   close,  extremity 
Endeavor — aim,     strive,    struggle, 

effort,  exertion 
Enemy — foe,  adversary,  opponent, 

antagonist 
Energy — force,  vigor 
Enjoyment — fruition,  gratification 
Enlarge — increase,  extend 
Enmity — animosity,  hostility 
Enormous — huge,    immense,    vast, 

prodigious,  monstrous 
Enough — sufficient 
Enroll — enlist,    or    list,    register, 

record 
Enslave — captivate 
Enterprising — adventurous 
Enthusiast — fanatic,  visionary 
Epithet — adjective 
Equal — even,     equable,     like,     or 

alike,  uniform 
Eradicate — extirpate,    exterminate 
Error — mistake,  blunder,  fault 
Eruption — explosion 
Especially  —  particularly,  princi- 
pally, chiefly 
Essay — treatise,     tract,     disserta- 
tion 
Esteem — respect,  regard 
Estimate — compute,  rate 
Eternal — endless,    everlasting 
Evade — equivocate,  prevaricate 
Evasion — shift,  subterfuge 
Even — smooth,  level,  plain 
Event — incident,    accident,    adven- 
ture, occurrence 


Evil — ill,  misfortune,  harm,  mis- 
chief 

Exact — extort 

Exact — nic-e,  particular,  punctual 

Examination — search,  inquiry,  re- 
search, investigation,  scrutiny 

Examine — search,   explore 

Example — pattern,  ensample,  prec- 
edent, instance 

Exceed — excel,  surpass,  transcend, 
outdo 

Excellence — superiority 

Excess — superfluity,  redundancy 

Excessive — immoderate,  intemper- 
ate 

Exchange — barter,  truck,  com- 
mute 

Excite — incite,  provoke 

Excursion — ramble,  tour,  trip, 
jaunt 

Excuse — pardon 

Execute — fulfill,  perform 

Exercise — practice 

Exert — exercise 

Exhort — persuade 

Exigency — emergency 

Exist — live 

Exit — departure 

Exonerate — exculpate 

Expedient — resource,  fit 

Experience  —  experiment,  trial, 
proof,  test 

Explain — expound,  interpret,  illus- 
trate, elucidate 

Explanatory — explicit,  express 

Expostulate — remonstrate 

Express — declare,  signify,  testify, 
utter 

Extend — stretch,  reach 

Extenuate — palliate 

Extraneous — extrinsic,  foreign 

Extraordinary — remarkable 

Extravagant  —  prodigal,  lavish, 
profuse 


214) 


E  XTBEM  iTY — extreme 
ExuBEBANT — luxuriant 

Fable — tale,  novel,  romance 

Face — countenance,  visage 

Facetious — conversable,  pleasant, 
jocular,  jocose 

Faction — party 

Factious — seditious 

Factoe — agent 

Fail — fall  short,   deficient 

Failure  —  failing,  miscarriage, 
abortion 

Faint — languid 

Faie — clear,  honest,  equitable, 
reasonable 

Faith — creed,   fidelity 

Faithful — trusty 

Faithless — unfaithful,  perfidious, 
treacherous 

Fall — downfall,  ruin,  drop,  droop, 
tumble 

Fallacious — deceitful,    fraudulent 

Fallacy — delusion,   illusion 

Fame — reputation,  renown,  report, 
rumor,  hearsay 

Family — house,  lineage,  race 

Famous — celebrated,  renowned,  il- 
lustrious 

Fanciful — fantastical,  whimsical, 
capricious 

Fancy — imagination 

Fare — provision 

Farmer — husbandman,  agricultur- 
ist 

Fastidious — s(iueaniish 

Fatigue — weariness,   lassitude 

Favorable — propitious 

I'eabful — dreadful,  frightful,  tre- 
mendous, terrible,  terrific,  hor- 
rible, horrid 

Feast — banquet,  carousal,  enter- 
tainment, treat,  festival,  holiday 

Feel — sensible,  conscious 


Feeling — sense,  sensation,  sensi- 
bility, susceptibility 

Feign — pretend 

Felicitate — congratulate 

Fellow  s  h  ip — society 

Female — feminine,  effeminate 

Fence — guard,  security 

Ferocious — fierce,  savage 

Fertile — fruitful,  prolific 

Fervor — ardor 

Festivity — mirth 

Fiction — fabrication,  falsehood 

Figure — metaphor,  allegory,  em- 
blem, symbol,  type 

Final — conclusive 

Find — find  out,  discover,  espy,  de- 
cry, invent 

Find  fault  with — blame,  object 
to 

Fine — delicate,  nice,  mulct,  pen- 
alty, forfeiture 

Finical — spruce,  foppish 

Finite — limited 

Fire — heat,  warmth,  glow 

Firm — fixed,  solid,  stable 

Fit — apt,  meet,  equip,  prepare, 
qualify,  suit,  adapt,  accommo- 
date, adjust 

Fix — fasten,  stick,  settle,  establish, 
determine,  settle,  limit 

Flag — droop,  languish,  pine 

Flame — blaze,  flash,  flare,  glare 

Flat — level 

Flatterer — sycophant,  parasite 

Flexible — pliable,  pliant,  supple 

Flourish — thrive,  prosper 

Flow — stream,  gush 

Fluctuate — waver 

Fluid — liquid 

Follow — succeed,  ensue,  pursue, 
imitate 

Follower — adherent,  partisan 

Folly — foolery 

Food — diet,  regimen 


215 


Fool — idiot,  buffoon 

FooLiiABDY — adventurous,  rash. 

Forbid — prohibit,  interdict 

FoBCE — violence 

FoREFATHEBS — progcnitors,  ances- 
tors 

FoEEBUNNERS — ^precursors,  messen- 
gers, harbingers 

FoBESiQHT — forethought,  forecast, 
premeditation 

FoBETELL — ^predict,  prophesy,  prog- 
nosticate 

FORGETFULNESS ObliviOU 

Forgive — pardon,  absolve,  remit 

Form — figure,  conformation,  fash- 
ion, mould,  shape,  compose,  con- 
stitute, ceremony,  rite,  observ- 
ance 

FoRMAii — ceremonious,  ceremonial 

Formerly — in  time  past  or  old 
times,  days  of  yore,  anciently 
or  ancient  times 

Formidable  —  dreadful,  terrible, 
shocking 

Forsaken — forlorn,   destitute 

Forswear — perjure,  suborn 

Fortunate — lucky,  fortuitous,  pros- 
perous, successful 

Foster — cherish,   harbor,   indulge 

Found — ground,  rest,  build 

Foundation — ground,  basis 

Fragile — Frail,  brittle 

Frame — temper,  temperament,  con- 
stitution 

Frank — candid,  ingenuous,  free, 
open,  plain 

Freak — whim 

Free — liberal,  deliver,  liberate, 
familiar,  exempt 

Freedom — 1  iberty 

Freight — cargo,  lading,  load,  bur- 
den 

Frequent — resort,  haunt 

Frighten — intimidate 


Frolic — gambol,  frank 
Fulfill — accomplish,  realize 
Fulness — ^plentitude 
Funeral — obsequies 

Gain — profit,  emolument,  lucre 

Gallant — beau,  spark 

Gape — stare,  gaze 

Gather — collect 

Gender — sex 

General — universal 

Generation — age 

Genteel — ^polite 

Gentile — heathen,  pagan 

Gentle — tame 

Get — gain,  obtain,  procure 

Gift — present,  donation,  endow- 
ment, talent 

Give — grant,  bestow,  afford,  pres- 
ent, offer,  exhibit 

Give  up — deliver,  surrender,  yield, 
cede,  concede,  abandon,  resign, 
forego 

Glad — ^pleased,  joyful,  cheerful. 

Glance  at — allude  to 

Glaring — barefaced 

Gleam — glimmer,  ray,  beam 

Glimpse — glance 

Globe — ball 

Gloom — heaviness 

Gloomy — sullen,  morose,  splenetic 

Glory — ^honor,  boast,  vaunt 

Gloss — varnish,  palliate 

Godlike — divine,  heavenly 

Godly — righteous 

Gold — golden 

Good — goodness,  benefit,  advan- 
tage 

Good-nature — good-humor 

Goods — furniture,  chattels,  mov- 
ables, effects,  possession,  prop- 
erty 

Govern — rule,  regulate 


216 


GovEBNMENT — administration,  con- 
stitution 

Grace — favor,  charm 

Graceful — comely,  elegant 

Gracious — merciful,  kind 

Grandeur — magnificence 

Gratify — indulge,  humor 

Gratuitous — voluntary 

Gratuity — recompense 

Grave — serious,  solemn,  tomb,  se- 
pulchre 

Great — large,  big,  grand,  sublime 

Grievance— hardship 

Grie\'e — mourn,  lament 

Groan — moan 

Gross — coarse,  total 

Guarantee — security,  responsible, 
warrant 

Guard — defend,  watch,  sentinel, 
guardian 

Guard  against — take  heed 

Guess — conjecture,    divine 

Guest — visitor,  visitant 

Guide — rule 

Guiltless — innocent,   harmless 

Guise — habit 

Gulp — abyss 

Happen — chance 

Happiness — felicity,  bliss,  blessed- 
ness, beatitude 

IIappy — fortunate 

Harbor — haven,  port 

Harbor — shelter,  lodge 

Hard — firm,  solid,  callous,  hard- 
ened, obdurate,  hardy,  insen- 
sible, unfeeling,  difficult,  ardu- 
ous 

Hard-hearted — cruel,  unmerciful, 
merciless 

Hardly — scarcely 

Hasten — accelerate,  speed,  expe- 
dite, despatch,  hurry 

Hate — detest 


H  atefitl — 0  dious 

Haughtiness — disdain,   arrogance 

Haughty — high,   high-minded 

Have — ^possess 

Hazard — risk,  venture 

Healthy  —  wholesale,  salubrious, 
salutary 

Heap — pile,  accumulate,  amass 

Hear — hearken,  overhear 

Hearty — warm,  sincere,  cordial 

Heave — swell 

Heavy — dull,  drowsy,  burdensome, 
weighty,  ponderous 

Heed — care,  attention 

Heighten — raise,  aggravate 

Heinous — flagrant,  flagitious,  atro- 
cious 

Heij* — assist,  aid,  succor,  relieve 

Heretic — schismatic,  sectarian,  or 
sectary,  dissenter,  non-conform- 
ist 

Hesitate — falter,  stammer,  stutter 

Heterodoxy — heresy 

Hideous — ghastly,   grim,   grisly 

High— tall,  lofty 

Hinder — prevent,  impede,  obstruct, 
stop 

Hint — suggest,  intimate,  insinuate 

Hireling — mercenary 

Hold — keep,  detain,  retain,  occupy, 
possess,   support,  maintain 

Holiness — sanctity 

Hollow — empty 

Holy — pious,  devout,  religious, 
sacred,  divine 

Homage — fealty,  court 

Honesty — probity,  uprightness,  in- 
tegrity, honor,  reverence,  re- 
spect,  dignity 

Hope — expectation,  trust,  confi- 
dence 

Hot — fiery,  burning,  ardent 

However — yet,  nevertheless,  not- 
withstanding 


217 


Human — humane 

Humble — lowly,  low,  modest,  sub- 
missive,  humiliate,  degrade 

HuMOE — temper,  mood,  caprice 

HuMORSoME — humorous,  capricious 

Hunt — chase 

Hurtful — pernicious,  noxious,  noi- 
some 

Hypocrite — dissembler 

Idea — thought,  imagination 

Ideal — imaginary 

Idle — lazy,  indolent,  leisure,  va- 
cant, vain 

Ignorant  —  illiterate,  unlearned, 
unlettered 

Illuminate — illumine,  enlighten 

Imitate — copy,  counterfeit 

Imitate — mimic,   ape,  mock 

Imminent  —  impending,  threaten- 
ing 

Immodest — impudent,  shameless 

Impair — injure 

Imperfection — defect,   fault,  vice 

Imperfection — weakness,  fraility, 
failing,  foible 

Imperious  —  lordly,  domineering, 
overbearing 

Impertinent — rude,  saucy,  impu- 
dent, insolent 

Impervious — impassable,  Inacces- 
sible 

Implacable — unrelenting,  relent- 
less, inexorable 

Implant — ingraft,  inculcate,  instil, 
infuse 

Implicate — involve 

Importance — consequence,  weight, 
moment 

Imprint — impress,  engrave 

Impugn — attack 

Inabiuty — disability 

Inactive — inert,  lazy,  slothful, 
sluggish 


Inadvertence — inattention,  over- 
sight 

Incapable — insufficient,  incompe- 
tent, inadequate 

Incessantly — unceasingly,  unin- 
terruptedly, without  intermission 

Inclination  —  tendency,  propen- 
sity, proneness 

Inclose — include 

Inconsistent — incongrous,  inco- 
herent 

Inconvenience — annoy,  molest 

Incorporeal  —  unbodied,  immate- 
rial,  spiritual 

Increase — grow,  addition,  acces- 
sion, augmentation 

Indebted — obliged 

Indecent — immodest,  indelicate 

Indifference — insensibility,  apathy 

Indifferent — unconcerned,  regard- 
less 

Indignity — insult 

Indistinct — confused 

Indolent — supine,  listless,  careless 

Indubitable — unquestionable,  in- 
disputable, undeniable,  incontro- 
vertible, irrefragable 

Indulgent — fond 

Infamous — scandalous 

Infamy — ignominy,   opprobrium 

Influence — authority,  ascendency, 
sway 

Inform — make  known,  acquaint, 
apprise,  instruct,  teach 

Informant — informer 

Information — intelligence,  notice, 
advice 

Infringe — violate,  transgress 

Infringement — infraction 

Ingenuity — wit 

Ingenuous — ingenious 

Inherent— inbred,   inborn,  innate 

Injury — damage,  hurt,  harm,  mis- 
chief 


218 


Injustice — injury,  wrong 

Inside — interior 

Insidious — treacherous 

Insight — insi^ectiou 

Insinuate — ingratiate 

Insinuation — reflection 

Insipid — dull,  flat 

Insist — persist 

INSNARE — entrap,  entangle,  in- 
veigle 

Insol\t:ncy — failure,    bankruptcy 

Inspection — superintendency,  over- 
sight 

Instant — moment 

Institute — establish,   found,  erect 

Instrument — tool 

Insurrection — sedition,  rebellion, 
revolt 

Intellect — genius,  talent 

Intent — intense 

Intercede — interpose,  mediate,  in- 
terfere, intermeddle 

Interchange — exchange,  reciproc- 
ity 

Intercourse — communication,  con- 
nection, commerce 

Interest — concern 

Intermediate — intervening 

Interval — respite 

INTER^^;NTION — interposition 

Intoxication — drunkenness,  infat- 
uation 

Intrinsic — real,  genuine,  native 

Introduce — present 

Intrude — obtrude 

Intruder — interloper 

Invalid — patient 

Invasion — incursion,  irruption,  in- 
road 

Invent — feign,  frame,  fabricate, 
forge 

Invest — endure,   endow 

Invidious — envious 


Invincible — unconquerable,  insup- 
erable,  insurmountable 

Inward — internal,   inner,  interior 

Irrational — foolish,  absurd,  pre- 
posterous 

Irregular — disorderly,  inordinate, 
intemperate 

Irreligious — profane,  impious 

Jangle — jar,  wrangle 

Jealousy — envy,  suspicion 

Jest — joke,  make  game,  sport 

Journey — travel,  voyage 

Joy — gladness,  mirth 

Judge — umpire,  arbiter,  arbitrator 

Judgment — discretion,  prudence 

Justice — equity 

Justness — correctness 

Keep — preserve,  save,  observe,  ful- 
fil 

Keeping — custody 

Kill — murder,  assassinate,  slay, 
slaughter 

Kindred  —  relationship,  aflflnlty, 
consanguinity 

Know — be  acquainted  with 

Knowledge — science,  learning,  eru- 
dition 

Labor — take  pains  or  trouble,  use 
endeavor 

Labyrinth — maze 

Land — country 

Language — tongue,  speech,  idiom, 
dialect 

Large — wide,  broad 

Largely — copiously,  fully 

Last — latest,  final,  ultimate 

Lastly — at  last,  at  length. 

Laudable  —  praiseworthy,  com- 
mendable 

Laugh  at — ridicule 

Laughable — ludicrous,  ridiculous, 
comical,  comic,  droll 


219 


Lawful — legal,   legitimate,   licit 
Lay  or  take  hold  of — catch,  seize, 

snatch,  grasp,  gripe 
Lead — conduct,  guide 
Lean — meagre,  incline,  bend 
Leave — iiuit,  relinquish,  take  leave, 

bid  farewell  or  adieu 
Leave — liberty-,  permission,  license 
Leaving — remains 
Let — leave,  suffer 
Letter — epistle 
Letters — literature,  learning 
Lie — lay 

Lifeless — dead,  inanimate 
Lift — raise,    erect,   elevate,    exalt, 

heave,  hoist 
Lightness — levity,   flightiness,  vo- 
latility, giddiness 
Likeness — resemblance,  similarity, 

or  similitude 
Likeness — picture,  image,  effigy 
Limit — extent 

Linger — tarry,  loiter,  lag,  saunter 
Liquid — liquor,  juice,  humor 
List — roll,  catalogue,  register 
Little — small,  diminutive 
Livelihood  —  living,   subsistence, 
maintenance,     support,     susten- 
ance 
Lively — sprightly,  vivacious,  sport- 
ive, merry,  jocund 
Living — benefice 
Lodgings — apartments 
Look — glance,    see,    behold,    view, 

eye,  appear 
Looker-on  —  spectator,   beholder, 

observer 
Loose — vague,  lax,  dissolute,  licen- 
tious 
Lord's  supper — eucharist,  commun- 
ion, sacrament 
Lose — miss 
Loss — damage,  detriment 


Loud — noisy,   high-sounding,   clam- 
orous 
Love — friendship 
Lover — suitor,  wooer 
Low — mean,   abject 

Madness — frenzy,  rage,  fury 

Magisterial  —  majestic,  stately, 
pompous,  august,  dignified 

Magnificence — splendor,   pomp 

Make — form,  produce,  create 

Malediction — curse,  imprecation, 
execration,  anathema 

Malevolent — malicious,  malignant 

Malice  —  rancor,  spite,  grudge, 
pique 

Manly — manful 

Manners — morals 

Maritime — marine,  naval,  nautical 

Mark — print,  in)pression,  stamp, 
sign,  note,  symptom,  token,  indi- 
cation, trace,  vestige,  footstep, 
track,  badge,  stigma,  butt,  note, 
notice 

Marriage  —  weddings,  nuptials, 
matrimony,  wedlock 

Martial — warlike,  military,  sol- 
dier-like 

Matter — materials,  subject 

Maxim — precept,  rule,   law 

Mean — pitiful,  sordid,  medium 

Meeting — interview 

Melody — harmony,  accordance 

Member — limb 

Memory — remembrance,  recollec- 
tion, reminiscence 

Mental — intellectual,    intelligent 

Mercantile — commercial 

Message — errand 

Mindful— regardful,   observant 
Minister — agent,    administer,  con- 
tribute 
MiETH— merriment,    joviality,    jol- 
lity, hilarity 


220 


MiscoKSTBUE — misinterpret 

Mix — mingle,  blend,  confound 

Mixture — medley,    miscellany 

Moderation — mediocrity 

Modest — bashful,  diffident 

Modesty — moderation,  temperance, 
sobriety 

Moisture — humidity,  dampness 

Money — cash 

Monument  —  memorial,  remem- 
brancer 

Motion — movement 

Mournful — sad 

Moving — affecting,  pathetic 

Multitude — crowd,  throng,  swarm 

Mutilate — maim,  mangle 

Mutual — reciprocal 

Mysterious — mystic 

Name — call,  appellation,  title,  de- 
nomination, style,  entitle,  desig- 
nate, characterize,  reputation, 
repute,    credit 

Natal — native,  indigenous 

Native — na  tural 

Naturally — in  course,  consequent- 
ly, of  course 

Necessary — expedient,  essential, 
requisite 

Necessities — necessaries 

Necessity — need 

Neglect — omit 

Negligent  —  remiss,  careless, 
thoughtless,  heedless,  inattentive 

Negligence — (to  disregard)  and 
remissness  (respect  the  outward 
action),  careless,  heedless,  inat- 
tentive and  thoughtless 

Negotiate — treat  for  or  about, 
transact 

Neighborhood — vicinity 

New — novel,  modem,  fresh,  recent 

News — tidings 

Nightly — nocturnal 


Noble — grand 
Noise — cry,  outcry,  clamor 
Nominate — name 
Noted — notorious 
Notice — remark,  observe 
Nourish — nurture,  cherish 
Numb — benumbed,  torpid 
Numeral — numerical 

Obedient— submissive,  obsequious 

Object — subject,  oppose 

Objection — difficulty,  exception 

Oblong — oval 

Obnoxious — offensive 

Observation — observance 

Observe — wa  tch 

Obstinate  —  contumacious,  stub- 
born, headstrong,  heady 

Occasion — opportunity 

Occasion — necessity 

Occasional — casual 

Occupancy' — occupation 

Odd — uneven 

Offense — trespass,  transgression, 
misdemeanor,  misdeed,  affront 

Offender — delinquent 

Offending — offensive 

Offer — bid,  tender,  propose 

Office — place,  charge,  function 

Offspring — progeny,  issue 

Often — frequently 

Old — ancient,  antique,  antiquated, 
old-fashioned,  obsolete 

Omen — prognostic,  presage 

One — single,  only 

Onward — forward,   progressive 

Opaque — dark 

Opening — aperture,  cavity 

Opiniated — opiuiative,  conceited, 
egotistical 

Opinion — sentiment,  notion 

Oppose — resist,    withstand,   thwart 

Option — choice 

Order — method,  rule 


221 


Orifice — perforation 

Origin — original,  beginning,  rise, 
source 

Outlive — survive 

Outward — external,   exterior 

Overbalance — outweigh,  prepon- 
derate 

Overbear — bear  down,  overpower, 
overwhelm,  subdue 

Overflow — inundate,   deluge 

Overrule — supersede 

Overspread — overrun,  ravage 

OvBiRTURN — overthrow,  subvert,  in- 
vert, reverse 

Overwhelm — crush 

Pace — step 

Pain — pang,  agony,  anguish 

Paint — depict 

Palate — taste 

Pale — pallid,  wan 

Palpitate — flutter,  pant,  gasp 

Parable — allegory 

Part — division,      portion,      share, 

piece,  patclx 
Partake — participate,  share 
Particular — singular,   odd,   eccen- 
tric, individual 
Patience — endurance,    resignation 
Patient — ^passive,  submissive 
Peace — quiet,  calm,  tranquility 
Peaceable — peaceful,  pacific 
Peculiar — appropriate,    particular 
Peel — ^pare 

Pellucid — transparent 
Penetrate — ^pierce,  perforate,  bore 
Penetration — acuteness,    sagacity 
People — nation,      populace,      mob, 

mobility,  persons,  folks 
Perceive — discern,  distinguish 
Perception — idea,    conception,    no- 
tion 
Perish — die,  decay 
Perpetrate — commit 


Persuade — entice,    prevail    upon 

Picture — print,  engraving 

Pillar — column 

Piteous — doleful,  woful,  rueful 

Pitiable — piteous,  pitiful 

Pity — compassion,  mercy 

Place — station,  situation,  position, 
post,  dispose,  order,  spot,  site 

Play — game,  sport 

Playful — gamesome,   sportive 

Pleasure — joy,  delight,  charm 

Plentiful — plenteous,  abundant, 
copious,   ample 

Plunge — dive 

Poise — balance 

Poison — venom 

Polite — polished,  refined 

Political — politic 

Poor — pauper 

Position — posture 

Positive — absolute,  peremptory 

Possessor  —  proprietor,  owner, 
master 

Possible — practicable,  practical 

Poverty — want,  penury,  indigence, 
need 

Pour — spill,  shed 

Power — strength,  force,  authority, 
dominion 

Powerful — potent,  mighty 

Praise — commend,  applaud,  extol 

Prayer  —  petition,  request,  en- 
treaty, suit 

Prelu  de — ^preface 

Premise — presume 

Press — squeeze,  pinch,   gripe 

Pressing — urgent,   importunate 

Presumptive — presumptuous,  pre- 
suming 

Pretence — pretension,  pretext,  ex- 
cuse 

Pretension — claim 

Prevailing  —  prevalent,  ruling, 
overruling,  predominate 


222 


Pbevent — anticipate,  obviate,  pre- 
clude 

Pbevious  —  preliminary,  prepara- 
tory, introductory 

Pbide — vanity,  conceit,  tiauglati- 
ness,  loftiness,  dignity 

Primary — primitive,  pristine,  orig- 
inal 

Prince — monarch,  sovereign,  po- 
tentate 

Principle — motive 

Priority  —  precedence,  pre-emin- 
ence, preference 

Privacy — retirement,  seclusion 

Privilege — prerogative,  exemption, 
immunity 

Proceeding  —  process,  progress, 
transaction 

Procession — train,   retinue 

Production  —  produce,  product, 
performance,  work 

Profess — declare 

Profligate — abandoned,    reprobate 

Profusion — profuseness 

Progress — progression,  advance, 
advancement,  proficiency,  im- 
provement 

Prom  inent — conspicuous 

Promiscuous — indiscriminate 

Promise — engagement,  word 

Proof — evidence,  testimony 

Proportionate  —  commensurate, 
adequate. 

Proposal — ^proposition 

Prorogue — adjourn 

Prove  —  demonstrate,  manifest, 
evince 

Provide — procure,   furnish,  supply 

Providence — prudence 

Prudent — prudential 

Pry — scrutinize,  dive  into 

Publish — promulgate,  divulge,  re- 
veal, disclose 

Purpose — propose 


Push — shove,  thrust 
Put — place,  lay,  set 

Qualification — accomplishment 
Qualify — temper,  humor 
Quality — property,  attribute 
QuABBEL — broil,  feud,  affray,  fray 
Question — query 

Quickness — swiftness,  fleetness, 
celerity,   rapidity,   velocity 

Race — generation,  breed 

Radiance — brilliancy 

Rapacious — ravenous,  voracious 

Rapine — plunder,  pillage 

Rabe — scarce,  singular 

Rashness  —  temerity,  hastiness, 
precipitancy 

Rate — proportion,  ratio 

Ravage — desolation,   devastation 

Ray — beam 

Ready — apt,  prompt 

Reasonable — rational 

Recede — retreat,  retire,  with- 
drawn, secede 

Receipt — reception 

Reckon — count,  account,  number 

Reclaim — reform 

Recline — repose 

Recognize — acknowledge 

Recobd — register,  achieve 

Recoveb — retrieve,    repair,    recruit 

Recovery — restoration 

Rectitude — uprightness 

Redeem — ransom 

Redbess — relief 

Reduce — lower 

Refeb — relate,  respect,  regard 

Refoem — reformation 

Refuse — decline,  reject,  repel,  re- 
buff 

Relate — recount,  describe 


Relation — recital,  narration,  nar- 
rative, relative,  kinsman,  kin- 
dred 

Relax — remit 

Remains — relics 

Remark  —  observation,  comment, 
note,  annotation,  commentary 

Repeat — recite,  rehearse,  recapitu- 
late 

Repentance — penitence,  contrition, 
compunction,  remorse 

Repetition — tautology 

Repbehension — reproof 

Repress — restrain,  suppress 

Reprieve — respite 

Reproach — contumely,   obloquy 

Reproachfully — abusive,  scurril- 
ous 

Reprobate — condemn 

Reserve — reservation,  retain 

Rest — remainder,  remnant,  residue 

Restoration — restitution,  repara- 
tion, amends 

Restore — return,  repay 

Restrain — restrict 

Retaliation — reprisal 

Retard — hinder 

Retort — repartee 

Retribution — requital 

Retrospect — review,  survey 

Return — revert 

Revile — vilify 

Revisal — revision,  review 

Revive — refresh,  renovate,  renew 

Riches — wealth,  opulence,  afflu- 
ence 

Ridicule — satire,   irony,  sarcasm 

Right — just,  fit,  proper,  claim, 
privilege 

Ripe — mature 

Rise — issue,  emerge 

Rot — putrefy,  corrupt 

Roundness — rotundity 

Route — road,  course 


Royal — regal,  kingly 
Rub — chafe,  fret,  gall 
Rupture — fracture,    fraction 
Rural — rustic 

Safe — secure 

Sage — sagacious,  sapient 

Sake — account,  reason,  purpose, 
end 

Salute — salutation,  greeting 

Sanguinary — bloody,    bloodthirsty 

Sap — undermine 

Satisfy — please,  gratify,  satiate, 
glut,  cloy 

Save — spare,  preserve,  protect 

Scarcity — dearth 

Scholar — disciple 

School — academy 

Scoff — gibe,  jeer,  sneer 

Scruple — hesitate,  waver 

Seal — stamp 

Seaman — waterman,  sailor,  mar- 
iner 

Second  —  support,  secondary,  in- 
ferior 

Secret — hidden,  latent,  occult, 
mysterious 

Secular — temporal,  worldly 

Sedulous — diligent,  assiduous 

See — perceive,  observe 

Seek — search 

Seem — appear 

Self-will — self-c-oncelt,  self-suffi- 
ciency 

Senior — elder,  older 

Sense — judgment 

Sensible — sensitive,  sentient,  per- 
ceptible 

Sensualist — voluptuary,    epicure 

Sentence  —  proposition,  period^ 
phrase,   doom,  condemn 

SENTENTious^sentimental 

Sentiment — sensation,    perception 

Separate — sever,  disjoin,  detach 


224 


Sequel — close 

Series — course 

Servant — domestic,  uienial,  drudge 

Servitude — slavery,  bondage 

Shade — shadow 

Shake — tremble,  shudder,  quiver, 
quake,  agitate,  toss 

Sharp — acute,  keen 

Shine — glitter,  glare,  sparkle,  ra- 
diate 

Shock — concussion 

Shoot — dart 

Short — brief,  concise,  succinct, 
summary 

Show — shew,  point  out,  mark,  In- 
dicate, exhibit,  display,  exhibi- 
tion, representation,  sight,  spec- 
tacle, outside,  appearance,  sem- 
blance, parade,  ostentation 

Showy — gaudy,  gay 

Sick — sickly,  diseased,  morbid 

Sickness — illness,  indisposition 

Sign — signal,  memorable 

Signalize — distinguish 

Significant — expressive 

Signification — meaning,  Imiwrt, 
sense 

Signify — imply,  avail 

Silence — taciturnity 

Silent — tacit,  dumb,  mute,  speech- 
less 

Simile — similitude,   comparison 

Simple — single,  singular,  simple, 
silly,  foolish 

Simulation — dissimulation 

Sincere — honest,  true,  plain 

Situation — condition,  state,  pre- 
dicament, plight,  case 

Size — magnitude,  greatness,   bulk 

Sketch — outlines 

Skin — hide,  peel,  rind 

Slack — loose 

Slant — slope 

Sleep — slumber,  doze,  drowse,  nap 


Sleepy — drowsy,  lethargic 

Slip — slide,  glide 

Slow — dilatory,  tardy,  tedious 

Smear — daub 

Smell — scent,  odor,  perfume,  frag- 
rance 

Soak — drench,  steep 

Sober — grave 

Social — sociable 

Society — company 

Soft — mild,   gentle,  meek 

Solicitation — importunity 

Solitary — sole,  only,  single,  desert, 
desolate 

Solve — resolved 

Some — any 

Soon — early,  betimes 

Sorry — grieved,  hurt 

Soul — mind 

Sound — sane,  healthy,  tone 

Space — room 

Speak — say,  tell,  converse,  dis- 
course, talk 

Special — specifie,  particular 

Spend — exhaust,  drain,  expend, 
waste,   dissipate,   squander 

Spirituous  —  spirited,  spiritual, 
ghostly 

Spread — scatter,  disperse,  expand, 
diffuse,  circulate,  propagate,  dis- 
seminate 

Spring — fountain,  source,  start, 
startle,  shrink 

Sprinkle — bedew 

Sprout — bud 

Spurious — supposititious,  counter- 
feit 

Spurt — spout 

Staff — stay,  prop,  support,  stick, 
crutch 

Stagger — reel,  totter 

Stain — soil,  sully,  tarnish 

Stand — stop,  rest,  stagnate 

Stick — cleave,  adhere 


225 


Stifle — suppress,  smother 

Stik — move 

Stock — store 

Stoey — tale 

Stkaight — right,  direct 

Steain — sprain,  stress,  force 

Stratt — ^narrow 

Stbangee — foreigner,  alien 

Stream — current  tide 

Strengthen — fortify,  invigorate 

Stress — strain,  emphasis,  accent 

Strict — severe 

Strife — contention 

jStrive — contend,  vie 

Strong — robust,  sturdy 

Stupid — dull 

Suavity — urbanity 

Subject  —  subordinate,  inferior, 
subservient,  subjugate,  subdue 

Subside — abate.  Intermit 

Substantial — solid 

Succession — series,  order 

Successive — alternate 

Suffocate — stifle,  smother,  choke 

Superficial — shallow,  flimsy 

Surface — superflces 

Surround  —  encompass,  environs, 
encircle 

Sustain — support,  maintain 

Symmetry — proportion 

Sympathy — compassion,  commiser- 
ation, condolence 

System — method 

Take — receive,  accept 
Talkative — loquacious,    garrulous 
Taste — flavor,   relish,  savor 
Tease — vex,   taunt,  tantalize,   tor- 
ment 
Tegument — covering 
Temperament — temperature 
Temple — church 

Temporary — transient,  transitory, 
fleeting 


Tenacious — pertinacious 

Thick — dense 

Thin — slender,  slight,  slim 

Think — reflect,  ponder,  muse,  sup- 
pose, imagine,  believe,  deem 

Thoughtful — considerate,  delib- 
erate 

Threat — menace 

Time — season,  period,  age,  date, 
era,  epoch 

Timely — seasonable 

Time-seeving — temporizing 

Torment — torture 

Trade — commerce,  traSic,  dealing 

Transfigure  —  transform,  meta- 
morphose 

Treacherous — traitorous,  treason- 
able 

Treasure — hoard 

Treatment — usage 

Trembling — tremor,  trepidation 

Trifung — trivial,  petty,  frivolous, 
futile 

Troop — company 

Troublesome — irksome,  vexatious, 
trying 

Trouble — disturb,  molest 

Truth — veracity 

Try — tempt 

Tumultuous — turbulent,  seditious, 
mutinous,  tumultuary 

Turgid — tumid,  bombastic 

Turn — bend,  twist,  distort,  wring, 
wrest,  wrench,  bent,  wind,  whirl, 
twirl,  writhe 

Unbelief — infidelity,   incredulity 

Uncover — discover,   disclose 

Under — below,  beneath 

Understanding — intellect,  intelli- 
gence 

Undetermined  —  unsettled,  un- 
steady, wavering 

Unfold — unravel,  develop 


226 


Unhappy — miserable,  wretched 
Unimportant — insignificant,       im- 
material, inconsiderable 
Unless — except 

Unoffending — inoffensive,      harm- 
less 
Unruly — ungovernable,   refractory 
Unspeakable — ineffable,     unutter- 
able, inexpressible 
Untruth — falsehood,   falsity,  lie 
Unworthy — worthless 
Usage — custom,   prescription 
Utility — use,  service,  avail 
Utter  —  speak,      articulate,     pro- 
nounce 

Vacancy — vacuity,  inanity 
Vain — ineffectual,  fruitless 
Valuable — precious,  costly 
Value — worth,    rate,    price,    prize, 

esteem 
Variation — variety 
Venal — mercenary 
Venial — pardonable 
Verbal — vocal,  oral 
Vexation — mortification,    chagrin 
View — survey,  prospect,  landscape 
Violent — furious,  boisterous,  vehe- 
ment, impetuous 
Vision    —   apparition,      phantom, 

spectre,  ghost 
Vote — suffrage 


Wait — await,  look  for,  expect 

Wakeful — watchful,  vigilant 

Wander — to  stroll,  ramble,  rove, 
roam,  range 

Want — need,  lack 

Wave — billow,  surge,  breaker 

Wat  —  manner,  method,  mode, 
course,  means 

Weak — feeble,  infirm 

Weaken — enfeeble,  debilitate,  en- 
ervate, invalidate 

Wearisome — tiresome,  tedious 

Weary — tire,  jade,  harass 

Weight — heaviness,  gravity,  bur- 
den,  load 

Well-being — welfare,  prosperity, 
happiness 

Whole — entire,  complete,  total,  in- 
tegral 

Wicked — iniquitous,  nefarious 

Will — wish 

Willingly — voluntarily,  spontan- 
eously 

Wisdom — prudence 

Wit — humor,  satire,  irony,  bur- 
lesque 

Wonder — admire,  surprise,  aston- 
ish, amaze,  miracle,  marvel, 
prodigy,  monster 

Word — term,   expression 

Work — labor,   toil,  drudgery,   task 

Writer — ^penman,  scribe,  author 

Youthful — juvenile,  puerile 


Taxes.  An  assessment;  levy. 

Income  (Personal)  tax  must  be  paid  by 
every  citizen  of  the  United  States,  whether  residing  at 
home  or  abroad,  and  by  every  person  residing  in  the  United 
States,  though  not  a  citizen  thereof,  having  a  net  income 
of  $3,000  or  over  for  the  taxable  year  and  also  by  every 


227 

non-resident  alien  deriving  income  from  property  owned 
and  business,  trade,  or  profession  carried  on  in  the  United 
States  by  him. 

Telegrams.  Should  be  plainly  written  upon  the  form 
provided  by  the  Company  or  attached  to 
such  form  by  the  sender  so  as  to  leave  the  printed  heading 
in  full  view  above  the  telegram.  Plain  paper  must  not  be 
used. 

No  charge  is  made  for  the  address,  hence  code  address  is 
not  necessary,  nor  accepted. 

It  is  important  to  have  the  name  of  the  state  written  in 
full  in  the  address  of  each  message  directed  to  any  city 
of  which  there  are  more  than  one  of  the  same  name. 

The  sender  of  a  telegram  may  prepay  a  reply  to  the  tele- 
gram. 

A  telegram  containing  profane,  obscene  or  libelous  lan- 
guage will  not  be  accepted. 

In  order  to  facilitate  the  delivery  of  telegrams  ad- 
dressed to  passengers  en  route  on  trains,  the  sender  of  the 
message  should  give  sufficient  and  proper  address,  if  pos- 
sible the  train  number  or  name  and  the  stations  between 
which  the  passenger  is  traveling. 

Messages  for  passengers  on  incoming  steamers  will  be 
delivered  free  of  charge  at  Quarantine  if  received  prior  to 
arrival  of  steamer. 

To  have  a  message  repeated  a  half  rate  will  be  charged 
in  addition  to  the  cost  of  the  original  message. 


228 

Punctuation  marks  should  not  ordinarily  be  used  in  a 
telegram,  and  are  not  sent  unless  specific  instructions  are 
given  to  do  so. 

All  numbers  should  be  written  out. 

Write  abbreviations  F.  0.  B.— fob;  C.  O.  D.— cod;  etc. 

Signatures  are  more  legible  when  t3T)ed. 

In  a  prepaid  telegram,  the  following  words  will  be 
counted : 

All  words  in  an  extra  date. 

All  extra  words  in  an  address  (as  to  "John  Smith,  80  Wall  Street, 
N.  T.,  or  James  Brown,  187  Broadway,  N.  Y."  there  are  eight  extra 
chargeable  words 

or 

James 
Brown 
one  (1) 
eight   (8) 
seven  (7) 
Broadway 
Newyork.) 

All  words,  figures  and  letters  in  the  body  of  the  telegram. 

All  signatures  except  the  last  one,  in  case  of  two  or  more. 

All  words  after  the  last  or  only  signature. 

When  telegrams  are  addressed  and  delivered  to  two  or  more  parties 
they  will  be  charged  for  as  two  or  more  telegrams. 

"Dictionary"  words  (i.  e.,  words  taken  from  one  of  the  following 
languages,  namely,  English,  German,  French,  Italian,  Dutch,  Portu- 
guese, Spanish  and  Latin),  initial  letters,  surnames  of  persons,  names  of 
countries,  counties,  cities,  towns,  villages,  states  or  territories,  or  names 
of  the  Canadian  provinces  will  be  counted  acd  charged  for  each  as  one 
word.  Tlie  abbreviations  for  the  names  of  countries,  counties,  cities, 
to^Tis,  villages,  states,  territories  and  provinces  will  be  counted  and 


229 


charged  for  the  same  as  if  written  in  full.     Abbreviations  of  weiglits 
and  measures  iu  common  use  will  be  counted  each  as  one  word. 


Examples. 
Signatory  (English)  1  word 

Auf  wiedersehen(  Germ  an)  2  " 

A  bon  march6  (French)        3  " 
Erba  mala  presto  cresce 

(Italian)  4  " 

El  coraz6n  menda  las  carnes 

(Spanish)  5  " 

Errare  humanum  est  (Latin) 

3  " 

J  G  M  Jones,  Jr.  5  " 

Van  Dome  1  " 

McGregor  1  " 

O'Connor  1  " 

New  York  State  2  " 


Examples. 

New  York    (or  N.  Y.) 

1  w 

ord 

District  of  Columbia  (or 

D.  C.) 

St.  Louis 

II 

East  St.  Louis 

< 

New  Mexico  (or  N.  M.) 

' 

Nova  Scotia  (or  N.  S.) 

' 

North  America 

< 

United  States 

It 

United  States  of  Colombia  1 

« 

Queen  Anne  (county) 

1 

( 

Lbs. 

1 

< 

Ilhds. 

1     • 

t 

Cwt. 

1 

w 

All  groups  of  letters,  when  such  groups  do  not  form  dictionary  words. 
and  are  not  combinations  of  dictionary  words,  will  be  counted  at  the  rate 
of  five  letters  or  fraction  of  five  letters  to  a  word.  When  such  groups 
are  made  up  of  combinations  of  dictionary  words,  each  dictionary  word 
so  used  will  be  counted. 


Examples. 

Ukugu  (artificial)  1  word 

Babelu   (artificial)  2    " 

Bacyzafyih  (artificial)  2    " 

Abycazfybgk  (artificial)  3    " 

Hhgga  (artificial)  1    *' 


EXAMPI£3. 

Doyou   (improperly  combined) 

2  words 

Canhe  (improperly  comhined) 
2     " 

Allright  (or  alright)    (improp- 
erly combined)  2    " 

Housemate  (dictionary  word) 


Figures,  decimal  points,  punctuation  marks  and  bars  of  division  will 
be  counted,  each  separately,  as  one  word.  In  groups  consisting  of  letters 
and  figures,  each  letter  and  figure  will  be  counted  as  one  word. 


230 


Al 

x9n8g 

Examples. 

2  words 
5    " 
.3    " 

Examples. 
4442 
44,42 
165  East  22d  St. 

4  words 

5  " 
8    « 

74% 

Exceptions. 

5     " 

Exceptions. 

A.  M. 
P.  M. 

F.  0.  B.  (or  fob) 
C.  O.  D.   (or  cod) 
"  "  (quotation  marks) 
(  )   (parenthesis) 

1  word 

C.  I.  F.  or  C.  F.  I 
(or  cif  or  cfi) 
C.  A.  F.   (or  caf) 
O.  K. 

Per  cent  (or  percent) 

1  word 
1     " 
1     " 

1     " 
1     " 

In  ordinal  numbers  the  affixes,  st,  nd,  rd  and  th  will  each  be  counted 
as  one  word. 


Examples. 


1st 
2ud 


Examples. 

2  words 

Srd 

2  words 

2    " 

1th 

2    " 

It  facilitates  coiinting  the  number  of  words  in  a  tele- 
gram to  place  five  words  on  each  line. 


POSTAL  TELEGRAPH  -  COMMERCIAL  CABLES 


TELEGRAM 


imamwm^mimm 


] 


uam  nruT  u  taoi                                         s-mi 

. 

/annaiy    1    1916 

fannlnal  Ballway  of  iaerles 
Chicago 

Illinois 

Dnanased                          VlTorr* 

i-potimb                Inferno             Anticipate 

I^rruBieal                   Disgracad 

Balden                    Fewel                  Today 

Oulf  Ball»»y  CoBsp&nj 

231 


Translation. 

Unamazed 

Is   my    understanding   correct? 

Viverra 

Voucher  will  be  issued 

Apotime 

as  soon  as  approved. 

Inferno 

Shipping  instructions  will  be  sent  by  mail 

Anticipate 

Anticipate 

Tyrannical 

no  trouble  in  regard  to 

Disgraced 

delay  caused  by  break  in  line. 

Maiden 

KM  carloads 

Fewel 

went  forward  to  destination 

Today 

today. 

When  including  a  quotation  in  a  telegram,  begin  and  end 
with  the  word  ' '  quote, ' '  as 


POSTAL  TELEGRAPH  ^  COMMERCIAL  CABLES 


NIGHT  TELEGRAM 


SEHD  the  foll^wima  MUtt  Mi 
UrmM  •M  bmck  WrooC  vUeft 


JokB  telth 


I.  Mfr>0e<  to  tM* 


Butte 

liontasa 

Oriseoll  wrltsB 

for  first 

Can  r<" 

/CHARCB  -~T     JKfTKHS0»~7 
/  13  wordj i 


IKtMi  nnn  ■>  am 


fair     1     1916 


QTOTX 
attend 


call 
ingaat 


meat  lug 
QDOn 


Night  Letters— The  charge  for  Night  Letters  or  Letter- 
grams of  50  words  or  less  is  the  regular  day  rate  for  10 
words  and  1-5  of  this  rate  for  each  additional  10  words. 
Should  be  written  in  plain  English ;  code  or  cipher  not  per- 
mitted.    May  be  filed  at  any  hour  of  the  day  or  night  up  to 


232 

midnight,  delivery  being  made  as  early  as  convenient  the 
following  morning.  At  option  of  Telegraph  Company 
they  may  be  mailed  at  destination  to  addressee.  Artificial 
characters  representing  trade  names  or  terms,  trade  desig- 
nations of  cotton  shipments,  brands  or  grades  of  flour  and 
other  manufactured  products,  are  permissible,  provided 
the  characters  are  used  in  their  natural  sense  and  not  used 
to  convey  a  hidden  meaning  as  code  or  cipher  words  do. 
Example:  '^Uneeda"  (biscuit) ;  "XXX"  (brand  of  flour). 

Day  Letters — Must  be  written  in  plain  English;  code 
language  not  permitted. 

Fifty  words  or  less  charged  at  the  rate  of  li/o  times  a 
Ten- Word  Day  Message  Rate,  and  1-5  of  the  initial  rate  for 
such  fifty  words  is  charged  for  each  additional  ten  words 
or  less. 

May  be  filed  at  any  time  and  will  be  transmitted  and 
delivered  as  promptly  as  the  Telegraph  Company's  facili- 
ties permit  in  subordination  to  the  full  paid  message 
trajffic. 

Night  Messages — ^Must  be  written  on  Night  Message 
form. 

Received  after  6  o  'clock  p.  m.  for  delivery  the  following 
morning,  at  reduced  rates,  but  in  no  case  less  than  20  cents 
for  a  single  message. 

SUMMARY 

of 

TELEGRAPHIC  RATES  FROM  AND  TO  NEW  YORK  CITY 

(subject  to  change) 

50- Word  NIGHT  LETTER  RATE— same  as  Ten-Word  DAY  MESSAGE 
50-Word  DAY  LETTER  RATE— ly^   times  Ten-Word  DAY  MESSAGE 


2S3 


Rates  for  TEN-WORD  DAY  MESSAGES 
Figure  in  parenthesis  indicates  rate  for  each  word  over  ten. 


Cents 

Cents 

Alabama, 

GO— (4) 

Nebraska, 

GO— (4) 

Arizona, 

100— (7) 

Nevada, 

100— (7) 

Arkansas, 

GO— (4) 

New  Hampshire, 

Various 

California, 

100— (7) 

New  Jersey, 

25— (2) 

Colorado, 

75— (5) 

New  Mexico, 

75-(5) 

Connecticut, 

.  25— (2) 

New  York, 

Various 

Delaware, 

30— (2) 

North  Carolina, 

50— (3) 

Dist.  of  Columbia, 

30— (2) 

North  Dakota, 

75— (5) 

Florida, 

*G0— (4) 

Ohio. 

40— (3) 

Georgia, 

GO— (4)- 

Oklahoma, 

75— (5) 

Idaho, 

100— (7) 

Oregon, 

100— (7) 

Illinois, 

50— (3) 

Pennsylvania, 

Various 

Indiana, 

50— (3) 

Rhode  Island, 

30— (2) 

Iowa, 

60— (4) 

South  Carolina, 

60— (4) 

Kansas, 

60— (4) 

South  Dakota, 

75— (5) 

Kentucky, 

150— (3) 

Tennessee, 

50— (3) 

Louisiana, 

60— (4) 

Texas, 

75— (5) 

Maine. 

Various 

Utah, 

75- (5) 

Maryland, 

Various 

Vermont, 

Various 

Massachusetts, 

Various 

Virginia, 

Various 

Michigan, 

Various 

Washington, 

100— (7) 

Minnesota, 

60— (4) 

West  Virginia, 

40-(3) 

Mississippi, 

60— (4) 

Wisconsin 

§60— (4) 

Missouri, 

$60— (4) 

Wyoming, 

75-(5) 

Montana, 

75— (5) 

*Key  West  $L00— (7). 

+St.  Louis  .50— (3) 

tCoviugton, 

Newport  .40 — (3). 

§Milwaukee  .50— (-3) 

Wireless — Prepaid  messages  are  accepted  for  transmis- 
sion at  sender's  risk  to  nearly  all  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pa- 
cific ocean  steamships  and  boats,  on  the  Great  Lakes  and 
Long  Island  Sound. 

Notice  of  the  sighting  of  an  incoming  steamer  may  be 
obtained  from  the  Telegraph  Company,  upon  application, 
at  a  cost  of  One  Dollar  in  Greater  New  York,  Hoboken  and 
Jersey  City,  N.  J. ;  all  other  places,  an  additional  charge 


234 

is  made  of  tolls  on  one  ten-word  message  from  New  York 
City.  In  New  York,  Brooklyn  and  vicinity  the  notice  is 
received  in  time  to  allow  friends  to  be  at  the  dock  when 
the  steamer  arrives.  For  inland  places,  the  notice  conveys 
the  intelligence  of  the  near  approach  of  home-coming 
steamers. 

Money  Transferred  by  Telegraph.     See  Money  Orders. 

Telephone.  An  idea  of  the  vast  amount  of  business 
that  is  transacted  over  the  telephone  may 
be  gained  from  the  figures  of  the  Bell  Telephone  System, 
which  show  that  the  number  of  telephone  conversations 
held  in  the  United  States  each  year  is  greater  than  the  com- 
bined number  of  telegrams  and  first-class  letters  sent 
through  the  United  States  mail,  and  that  in  New  York  City 
alone  there  are  over  two  million  telephone  conversations 
held  daily.  There  are  in  Greater  New  York  nearly  600,000 
telephones  and  over  7,000  telephone  operators. 

It  is  quite  as  important  to  know  how  to  efficiently  nego- 
tiate and  consummate  a  piece  of  business  over  the  tele- 
phone— voice  to  voice — as  it  is  to  accomplish  the  same 
at  a  conference — face  to  face. 

Learn  the  Art  of  Telephony. 

* '  The  Voice  With  the  Smile  Wins ' '  is  the  slogan  of  the 
New  York  Telephone  Company. 

Concentrate  on  what  is  being  said  over  the  telephone. 

Speak  clearly  and  distinctly,  using  the  kising  inflec- 
tion. 

Answer  calls  promptly  and  politely. 


Do  not  ask  others  to  * '  Hold  the  Wire " ;  it  wastes  time 
and  creates  an  unfavorable  impression. 

Use  the  telephone  directory  to  make  sure  you  have  the 
right  number ;  do  not  trust  your  memory. 

Be  slow  to  blame  the  operator  for  a  mistake;  she  may 
not  be  at  fault. 

If  you  are  on  the  wrong  line,  excuse  yourself,  remember- 
ing you  have  interrupted  someone  who  is  not  to  blame  for 
the  mistake. 

The  telephone  reflects  your  personality;  be  yourself 
when  telejDhoning. 

Be  courteous.  Courtesy  is  like  oil  to  machinery — the 
lack  of  it  will  cause  friction.  One  of  the  surest  ways  of 
losing  the  regard  of  a  person  to  whom  you  are  talking,  is 
to  be  inattentive  to  what  he  is  saying.  Concentrated, 
courteous  attention  given  to  a  telephone  conversation  is 
a  mark  of  respect  paid  to  the  talker  that  will  be  appreci- 
ated in  most  cases.  Short  abrupt  answers  or  curt  and  im- 
polite questions  should  be  avoided.  In  practicing  court- 
esy over  the  telephone,  several  points  may  be  kept  in 
mind  that  will  be  found  helpful.  You  cannot  see  the 
person  to  whom  you  are  talking,  but  the  telephone  reflects 
your  accents  and  inflections  so  perfectly  that  you  must  be 
yourself. 

In  making  a  call,  the  telephone  directory  should  be  con- 
sulted in  practically  every  case.  A  large  percentage  of  the 
wrong  connections  are  a  direct  result  of  a  wrong  number 
being  called.  For  example,  there  are  many  combinations 
of  a  number  with  four  figures — 4354,  3454,  4534,  etc. — 


236 

any  one  of  these  may  be  asked  for  if  the  memory  is  de- 
pended upon. 

Time  will  be  saved  and  annoyances  avoided  if  the  person 
calling  identifies  himself  at  once.  *  *  Hello ' ',  that  ungrace- 
ful and  rude  little  word  that  used  to  preface  a  telephone 
conversation,  has  been  tabooed.  The  proper  way  to  an- 
swer your  telephone  is  to  say,  ''Smith  and  Company — 
Miss  Jones  speaking. ' '  That  identifies  you  at  once  and  the 
person  calling  is  able  at  once  to  deliver  his  message  or  ask 
for  the  particular  person  he  wants. 

If  you  are  not  the  person  wanted,  make  an  effort  to 
locate  the  proper  person  at  once  or  politely  give  the  infor- 
mation where  he  or  she  may  be  found.  Offer  to  take 
a  message  and  in  some  way  show  that  you  feel  a  responsi- 
bility for  the  proper  delivery  of  the  message. 


Hour- 
Mr 


TELEPHONE   MESSAGE 

Date 

— --    (Tel.  No ) 

CALLED 


Mr. 


Message- 


(Signed).- 


A  wide  awake  private  branch  exchange  operator  can  do 
wonders  to  help  the  business  of  her  employer.    She  should 


237 

know  how  to  consult  the  telephone  directory  quickly  for 
telephone  numbers  that  are  required.  She  should  learn  to 
recognize  the  voices  of  customers  and  in  answering  call 
them  by  name,  a  courtesy  that  is  flattering  and  appreciated. 
Slie  should  know  for  whom  most  of  the  incoming  calls  are 
intended  and  quickly  switch  each  call  to  the  proper  person 
with  minimum  delay.  New  customers  are  always  im- 
pressed with  the  courtesy  and  consideration  they  receive 
from  the  firm's  switchboard  operator. 

Ticker.  The  machine  which  prints  automatically,  on 

a  narrow  paper  tape,  the  prices  and  num- 
ber of  shares  being  sold  on  an  exchange.  These  quotations 
are  sent  out  from  the  Board  Eoom  of  the  Stock  Exchange 
almost  immediately  after  the  actual  transaction  on  the  floor 
of  the  Exchange.  The  approval  of  a  committee  of  the 
Stock  Exchange  must  be  obtained  in  order  to  rent  one  of 
these  tickers  and  receive  the  quotations.  The  Produce, 
Cotton  and  other  exchanges  have  similar  machines  to  re- 
cord their  quotations  and  sales. 

Time.  See  Difference  in  Time. 

Ship  Time — The  nautical  day  begins  at  noon 
and  is  divided  into  "watches"  of  four  hours  each,  except 
from  4  to  8  p.  m.,  which  time  is  divided  into  two  watches 
of  two  hours  each.  Each  hour  and  half  hour  of  the  day  is 
announced  by  ship's  bell. 

The  time  on  board  ship  is  changed  daily ;  in  going  east- 
ward it  is  put  forward  four  minutes  for  each  degree  of 


238 

longitude,  and  in  going  westward  it  is  set  back  four  min- 
utes for  each  degree. 

Tonnage.  Tons  of  freight  hauled  by  a  railroad.    The 

freight  capacity  of  a  steamer  is  arrived  at 
by  finding  the  cubic  capacity  after  deducting  the  amount 
of  space  taken  up  by  machinery,  etc. 

To  Wit.  That  is  to  say. 

Trackage.        The  right  of  one  railroad  to  operate  its  cars 
over  the  rails  of  another  road. 

Trade.  A  discount  on  the  list  price  made  to  dealers. 

Discount. 

Trademark.  A  special  mark  or  emblem  used  by  a  manu- 
facturer to  represent  or  designate  his  goods, 
which  mark,  for  the  manufacturer's  protection,  is  regis- 
tered at  the  Patent  Office  at  Washington,  D.  C,  under  the 
United  States  law  relating  to  Trade-Marks,  approved  Feb- 
raary  20,  1905  (Statutes  at  Large,  vol.  33,  part  1,  pp.  724- 
731).    A  Trademark  is  good  for  thirty  years. 

Travelers         Are  a  form  of  credit  used  for  the  conveni- 
Checks.  ence  of  travelers  and  the  protection  of  their 

traveling  funds.  At  the  time  of  purchase 
the  holder  places  his  or  her  signature  in  the  upper  right 
hand  corner  of  the  check.  This  provides  absolutely  against 
loss,  for  the  check  then  becomes  payable  only  when  coun- 
tersigned in  the  lower  left-hand  corner  by  the  same  person 


239 

in  tlie  presence  of  person  cashing  it.  Comparison  of  the 
two  signatures,  which  must  agree,  establishes  the  necessary 
identification.  They  have  the  advantage  over  a  Letter 
of  Credit,  in  that  the  Letter  of  Credit  must  be  presented 
during  banking  hours,  whereas  a  Traveler's  Check  is  ac- 
cepted generally  by  hotels,  railroads,  steamship  lines,  mer- 
chants, shop-keepers,  etc.,  at  its  face  value  in  gold  or  its 
equivalent  in  the  money  of  the  country  where  accepted, 
and  may  be  cashed  on  Sundays,  holidays  or  fete-days 
either  before  or  after  business  hours. 

These  checks  are  a  convenience  abroad  or  for  tourists 
in  Canada  and  the  United  States. 


TRAVCLER'S  CMCOUC 


'ADAMS  EXraCSS  COHPAMY 


.191 


4  m 


— /^  ^         OR  ITS  Equivalent  AS  Specifie 


L...>;_l'glg^l~uo»|«;s2y|......>|.i5v;%^ 


Ten  DollarsI z' 0 -lo  sVisUii'S Urzii  mizMm'm USooTs^^ 


A  Reduced  Facsimile  of  a  $10  Tkavelek's  Check. 

Trust  Any  domestic  corporation  formed  for  the 

Company.  purpose  0/  taking,  accepting  and  executing 
such  trusts  as  may  be  lawfully  committed  to 
it,  and  acting  as  trustee  in  the  cases  prescribed  by  law,  and 
receiving  dej^osits  of  moneys  and  other  personal  property, 
and  issuing  its  obligations  therefor,  and  of  loaning  money 
on  real  or  personal  securities. 


Trust  Deed.     See  Deeds. 


240 

Type.  Samples  op  Printing  Type, 

6  pt.  Caslon  Oldstyle.  An  interesting  feature  of  the  work  is  tbat  it  keeps  us  the  ereater  par 
6  pt.  Bookman  Oldstyle.  This  is  the  place  that  I  cherished  since  the  day 
8  pt.  Ronaldson  Oldstyle.  If  we  please  you  tell  your  friends 
8  pt.  Cheltenham  Oldstyle.      If  we  please  you  tell  your  friends,  if  not,  tell  us 

10  pt.  Cheltenham  Bold.  This  type  is  popular 
10  pt.  Caslon  Bold.  At  the  time  the  outcome 
12  PT.  PLATE  GOTHIC.  THESE 
12  PT.  ENGRAVERS  RO 
14  pt.  Litho  Roman*     Between 

14  PT.  ENGRAVER 

18  pt  XCubot  Black.  ZxQcnt^ 
iaptiEngrawr0®IbiEnglteIj.  Jt 

Underwrite.     To  subscribe  to,  or  undersign. 

To  UNDERWKiTE  iusurancG  is  to  issue  poli- 
cies of  insurance.  See  Lloyds.  To  underwrite  an  issue 
of  stocks  or  bonds  is  to  subscribe  to  all  or  part  of  the  same. 
See  Syndicate. 

Usury.  An  interest  charge  exceeding  the  legal  rate. 

See  Interest. 

Valid.  Legal ;  legitimate ;  lawful. 

Venue.  Neighborhood. ' '  Change  of  venue ' ' — change 

of  district  in  which  a  case  is  to  be  tried. 


Ml 

Verification.    An  affirmation  sworn  to  by  a  party  to  an 
action  that  what  he  has  stated  is  true  to  the 
best  of  his  knowledge  and  belief. 

Form  of  Verification. 
CITY  OF j 

COUNTY  OF I 

7>p/»//  duly  stcorn, 

saifs  that  he  is  the herein, 

that  the  foregoing is  true  to  his  own 

knowledge,  except  as  to  the  matters  which  are  therein  stated  to  he 
alleged  on  information  and  belief,  and  as  to  those  matters  be  believes  it 
to  be  true. 

Stvorn  to  before  me,  thiJ^ ) 

day  of 191  ^ 

Verbatim.        Word  for  word. 


Void. 
Voucher. 

Voucher 
Check. 


Illegal,  not  binding,  without  effect,  not  good. 

Receipt. 

See  Checks, 


Waiver.  The  giving  up  of  a  right. 

Wall  Street.  A  street  in  the  downtown  section  of  New 
York  City,  running  from  Broadway  to  the 
East  River,  on  which  is  located  the  United  States  Sub- 
Treasury,  many  large  banking  houses  and  in  close  prox- 
imity to  which  is  the  Stock  Exchange.    It  is  the  financial 


242 

center  of  the  United  States,  and  in  this  connection  Wall 
Street  is  often  referred  to  as  meaning  the  national 
money  market  or  financial  interests  of  the  country  as  a 
whole.  Threadneedle,  Throgmorton  and  Lombard  Streets 
in  England  have  a  similar  significance. 

In  the  early  days,  when  New  York  (Manhattan)  be- 
longed to  the  Dutch,  Wall  Street  was  the  site  of  a  fortified 
wall  which  formed  the  southern  defence  to  the  city,  from 
which  it  is  named. 

At  its  head,  on  Broadway,  old  Trinity  Church,  where 
George  Washington  is  said  to  have  worshipped,  still 
stands,  and  a  statue  of  Washington  in  front  of  the  Sub- 
Treasury  marks  the  spot  on  which  he  delivered  his  first 
inaugural  address. 

Warrant.         An  order.    A  writ  of  arrest  or  search. 


Warranty 

See  Deeds. 

Deed. 

Watered 

See  Bonds  and  Stocks. 

Stock. 

Weights  and 

Measures. 

Avoirdupois  Weight. 

27 Ji  Grains      =  1  Drachm  (dr.)  or      27 Ji  Gra 

10 

Drachms  =  1  Ounce     (oz.)  or   437^       " 

16 

Ounces     =  1  Pound     (lb.)  or  7000 

25 

Pounds     =  1  Quarter  (qr.). 

4 

Quarters  =  1  Hundredweight    (cwt.) 

20 

Cwts.        =  1  Ton. 

2000 

Pounds     =  1  Short  Ton. 

2210 

Pounds     =  1  Long  Ton. 

243 


Apothecabies'  Weight. 
20  Grains     =  1  Scruple,  8  Drachms  =  1  Ounce. 

3  Scruples  —  1  Drachm.  12  Ounces     =  1  Pound. 

Diamond  Weight. 
16  Parts    =  1  Grain  (4-iJths  Grain  Troy.) 
4  Grains  —  1  Carat  (o  l-5th  Grains  Troy.) 

Troy  Weight. 
24  Grains  =  1  Pennyweight,  or      24  Grains. 

20  Pennywts.  —  1  Ounce,  or    480      " 

12  Ounces  =  1  Pound,  or  5760      " 

Minimum  Weights  of  Pboduce. 
The  following  are  minimum  weights  of  certain  articles  of  produce 
according  to  the  laws  of  the  United  States : 


Per  Bushel. 

Wheat    60  lbs. 

Corn,  in  the  ear 70  '* 

Corn,  shelled  56  " 

Rye   56  " 

Buckwheat    48  " 

Barley   48  " 

Oats   32  " 

Peas   60  " 

White  Beans 60  " 

Castor   Beans    46  " 

White  Potatoes  60  " 

Sweet  Potatoes  55  " 

Onions   57  " 

Turnips   55  " 


Per  Bushel. 

Dried  Peaches 33  " 

Dried  Apples  26  " 

Clover  Seed  60  '* 

Flax  Seed 56  " 

Millet  Seed  50  " 

Hungarian  Grass  Seed 50  " 

Timothy  Seed  45  " 

Blue  Grass  Seed 44  " 

Hemp   Seed    44  " 

Salt  (see  note  below). 

C®rn  Meal   48  " 

Ground  Peas  24  '* 

Malt   34  " 

Bran    20  " 


Salt. — Weight  per  bushel  as  adopted  by  different  States  ranges  from 
60  to  80  pounds.  Coarse  salt  in  Pennsylvania  is  reckoned  at  80  pounds, 
and  in  Illinois  at  50  pounds  per  bushel.  Fine  salt  in  Pennsylvania  is 
reckoned  at  62  pounds,  in  Kentucky  and  Illinois  at  55  pounds  per  bushel. 
■ — World  Almanac. 


Cubic  Measube. 
1728  Cubic  Inches  =  1  Cubic  Foot. 
27  Cubic  Feet      =  1  Cubic  Yard. 


244 


Circular  Measure. 


60  Seconds 
60  Minutes 
30  Degrees 
90  Degrees 
4  Quadrants 
SCO  Degrees 


1  Minute 
1  Degree 
1  Sign 
1  Quadrant 
12  Signs 
1  Circle 


Cloth  Measure. 

2^  Inches  =      1  Nail 

4      Nails  =      1  Quarter 

4      Quarters      =      1  Yard 


2  Pints  =  1  Quart 
8  Quarts  =  1  Peck. 
4  Peclts    =  1  Bushel. 


Det  Measure. 


8  Bushels  =  1  Quarter. 
3G  Bushels  =  1  Chaldron. 
1  Bushel  =  2150.42  Cubic  Inches. 


Linear  Measure. 


12 

Inches 

= 

1  Foot 

3 

Feet 

= 

1  Yard 

5^ 

Yards 

— 

1  Rod 

40 

Rods 

= 

1  Furlong 

8 

Furlongs 

= 

1  Mile 

5280 

Feet 

= 

1  Mile 

3 

Miles 

= 

1  League 

4  Gills      =  1  Pint. 
2  Pints      z=  1  Quart. 
4  Quarts  =  1  Gallon. 


Liquid  Measure. 

311/ 
63 
252 


Gallons  =  1  Barrel. 
Gallons  =  1  Hhd. 
Gallons  =  1  Tun. 


Mariner's  Meiasure. 


C      Feet 
120      Fathoms 
Tj/^  Cable  Lengths 
5280      Feet 


6085 


Feet 


—  1  Fathom 

=  1  Cable  Length 

=  1  Mile 

=  1  Statute  Mile 

=  1  Nautical    Mile 


245 


Paper  Measure. 


24  Sheets 
20  Quires 
2  Reams 
5  Bundles 


1  Quire 
1  Ream 
1  Bundle 
1  Bale 


144      Square  Inches 

9       Square  Feet 
3014  Square  Yards 
40      Square  Rods 
4       Roods 

Gunter's  Chain 
10       Square  Chains 
(340       Acres 
27214  Square  Feet 
43,560      Square  Feet 


Square  Measure. 

1  Square  Foot. 
1  Square  Yard. 
1  Square  Rod,  Perch  or  Pole. 
1  Rood. 
1  Acre. 
22  Yards  or  100  Links,. 

1  Acre. 

1  Square  Mile. 
1  Square  Rod, 
1  Acre. 


Surveyors'  Measure. 


7.92 

Inches 

— 

1  Link 

25 

Links 

= 

1  Rod 

4 

Rods 

^ 

1  Chain 

10 

Square  Chains 
or 

160 

Square  Rods 

= 

1  Acre 

640 

Acres 

^r 

1  Square  Mile 

36 

Square  Miles 

— 

1  Township 

Time  Mela.sure. 


60  Seconds 

— 

1  Minute 

()0  Minutes 

= 

1  Hour 

24  Hours 

= 

1  Day 

7  Days 

= 

1  Week 

28,  29,  30  or 

31  Days 

= 

1  Calendar  Month 

30  Days 

— 

1  Interest  Month 

365  Days 

=r 

1  Year 

366  Days 

= 

1  Leap  Year 

246 

Wills.  All  persons  who  have  attained  the  age  of 

eighteen  years  and  are  of  sound  mind  and 
memory  may  make  a  will. 

In  most  states  the  will  must  be  in  writing,  signed  by  the 
testator  with  two  attesting  witnesses  who  must  sign  in 
the  presence  of  the  testator  and  of  each  other. 

The  wording  or  form  is  immaterial,  so  long  as  the  inten- 
tion of  the  testator  is  clear. 

A  second  will  invalidates  a  former  one,  provided  it  con- 
tains words  expressly  revoking  it. 

A  bequest  is  often  made  by  a  man  to  his  wife  in  ''lieu 
of  dower, ' '  the  one-third  she  is  entitled  to  receive  by  law. 
See  Release  of  Dower. 

Executor — (or  executrix — fem.).  One  who  is  nomin- 
ated in  the  will  to  carry  out  its  provisions. 

Administrator —  ( or  administratrix — fem. ) .  One  who  is 
appointed  to  distribute  the  property  of  an  intestate.  The 
next  of  kin  is  usually  given  preference. 

Shobt  Form  of  Will. 

X of 

County  being  of 

sound  and  dinposinf/  mind  and  memory,  hut  inindful  of  the  uncertainties 
of  this  life,  do  hereby  make,  publish  ayid  declare  this  to  be  my  Last  Will 
and  Testament,  in  manner  and  form  followincj,  that  is  to  say.- 
FIRST:     I  direct  that  all  tny  just  debts,  funeral  and  testamentary  ex- 
penses be  paid  as  soon  after  my  decease  as  conveniently  can  be  done. 
SECOND:     I  give  and  bequeath  to 

etc.,  etc. 

I  hereby  nominate,  constitute  and  appoint 

sole  executor  of  this  my  Will  and  I  hereby  revoke  all  former  and  other 
iiills  by  me  made  and  declare  this  and  this  only  to  be  my  last  Will  and 
Testament. 


247 

Ifn  TRIlttncse  TWlbcrcof        /  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal  this 

day  of  nineteen  h  un- 

dred    


(L.S.) 


F^uhscribed,   sealed,  published  and   declared 

111/   as  and  for  her  last 

Will  and  Testament,  in  the  presence  of  each 
of  us,  who,  at  her  request,  in  her  presence, 
and  in  the  presence  of  each  other  have  here- 
unto subscribed  our  names  as  witnesses  this 
dap  of 19.... 


residing  at 
residing  at 


Codicil — Is  an  addition  or  alteration  to  a  will. 

This    is    a   codicil   to    my   last   tcill   and   testament   dated. 


TSnbcrcad  hy  my  said  will,  I  have  given 

nil  my  /  now  declare  that  it  is  my 

tcill  that  instead  of  that  provision  she  shall  have 

And  I  hereby  revoke  the  appointment  of 

to    be   one   of   my   executors,   and   I 

appoint to  take  that  office,  with 

all  the  powers  and  duties  in  my  said  will  declared. 

Un  TKIlttnCBS  "Wllbcrcot     /  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  this „ 

day  of 19.... 


(Signature) 
{Attestation  clause 

Signature  of  witnesses.) 

Probate — As  soon  as  possible  after  the  death  of  the  tes- 
tator the  will  should  be  probated  (proved) ;  that  is,  the  wit- 
nesses, if  living,  should  appear  before  the  proper  court 
and  testify  as  to  its  genuineness. 

Without  See  Notes. 

Recourse. 


This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


FormL-9-157>i-ll,'27 


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